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Howard William Davidson

TitleAssociate Professor
InstitutionUniversity of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus
DepartmentSOM-Barbara Davis Center
Phone303/724-6852

    Collapse Overview 
    Collapse overview
    The ultimate goal of research in my laboratory is to develop improved methods for measuring autoimmunity in type 1A diabetes, identify reagents that might have therapeutic utility for the prevention and/or treatment of this disease, and ultimately to translate this research to the clinic. Type 1A diabetes is a T-cell mediated autoimmune disease that results in an absolute deficiency of insulin following destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Consequently my research focuses on 2 major areas; auto-immunity to pancreatic beta cell proteins, and the cell biology of the pancreatic beta cell, with special emphasis on diabetes autoantigens. Current projects include the characterization of T-cells recognizing potentially diabetogenic epitopes in the auto-antigens IA-2, IA-2ß (phogrin), IGRP and ZnT8; use of pre-clinical rodent models to develop novel immune-therapies based on these targets; improving auto-antibody based prediction methods for type 1A diabetes risk; and development of novel “tetramer” based reagents for measuring human auto-antigen specific T-cells in peripheral blood. I am also interested in the functional and cell biological properties of IA-2, IA-2ß (phogrin), IGRP and ZnT8, and especially in determining why they are targeted by the immune system, and how defects in their function may contribute to type 2 diabetes. I am currently investigating the hypothesis that post-translational modifications unique to the beta cell create “neo-antigens” that are no subject to central tolerance. I also have a long-standing research interest in the basic cell biology of antigen processing and presentation, particularly in B lymphocytes, and how this might be harnessed for the development of novel antigen-specific therapies that might be applicable to the treatment and/or prevention of type 1 diabetes.


    Collapse Research 
    Collapse research activities and funding
    R56DK052068     (DAVIDSON, HOWARD W)Dec 14, 1996 - Mar 31, 2011
    NIH/NIDDK
    Cloning of molecular targets of CMI in type 1 diabetes
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R01DK052068     (DAVIDSON, HOWARD W)Dec 14, 1996 - Mar 31, 2015
    NIH/NIDDK
    Cloning of molecular targets of Cell Mediated Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R21DK066043     (DAVIDSON, HOWARD W)Apr 1, 2005 - Mar 31, 2007
    NIH/NIDDK
    Active tolerosomes, a novel therapy for type 1 diabetes
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R03AI090401     (DAVIDSON, HOWARD W)Jun 1, 2010 - Aug 31, 2012
    NIH/NIAID
    Development of novel diabetes autoantibody assays based on luciferase reporters
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R56AI091713     (DAVIDSON, HOWARD W)Aug 15, 2011 - Apr 30, 2013
    NIH/NIAID
    Analysis of diabetogenic human T cell receptors
    Role: Principal Investigator

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
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    1. Lahner E, Brigatti C, Marzinotto I, Carabotti M, Scalese G, Davidson HW, Wenzlau JM, Bosi E, Piemonti L, Annibale B, Lampasona V. Luminescent Immunoprecipitation System (LIPS) for Detection of Autoantibodies Against ATP4A and ATP4B Subunits of Gastric Proton Pump H+,K+-ATPase in Atrophic Body Gastritis Patients. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2017 Jan 19; 8(1):e215. PMID: 28102858.
      View in: PubMed
    2. Xu X, Gu Y, Bian L, Shi Y, Cai Y, Chen Y, Chen H, Qian L, Wu X, Xu K, Mallone R, Davidson HW, Yu L, She J, Zhang M, Yang T. Characterization of immune response to novel HLA-A2-restricted epitopes from zinc transporter 8 in type 1 diabetes. Vaccine. 2016 Feb 03; 34(6):854-62. PMID: 26541133.
      View in: PubMed
    3. Wenzlau JM, Frisch LM, Hutton JC, Fain PR, Davidson HW. Changes in Zinc Transporter 8 Autoantibodies Following Type 1 Diabetes Onset: The Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium Autoantibody Workshop. Diabetes Care. 2015 Oct; 38 Suppl 2:S14-20. PMID: 26405067; PMCID: PMC4582909 [Available on 10/01/16].
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    4. Nakayama M, McDaniel K, Fitzgerald-Miller L, Kiekhaefer C, Snell-Bergeon JK, Davidson HW, Rewers M, Yu L, Gottlieb P, Kappler JW, Michels A. Regulatory vs. inflammatory cytokine T-cell responses to mutated insulin peptides in healthy and type 1 diabetic subjects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015 Apr 07; 112(14):4429-34. PMID: 25831495; PMCID: PMC4394309.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    5. Demeester S, Keymeulen B, Kaufman L, Van Dalem A, Balti EV, Van de Velde U, Goubert P, Verhaeghen K, Davidson HW, Wenzlau JM, Weets I, Pipeleers DG, Gorus FK. Preexisting insulin autoantibodies predict efficacy of otelixizumab in preserving residual ß-cell function in recent-onset type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015 Apr; 38(4):644-51. PMID: 25583753; PMCID: PMC4370324.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    6. Yang J, Chow IT, Sosinowski T, Torres-Chinn N, Greenbaum CJ, James EA, Kappler JW, Davidson HW, Kwok WW. Autoreactive T cells specific for insulin B:11-23 recognize a low-affinity peptide register in human subjects with autoimmune diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Oct 14; 111(41):14840-5. PMID: 25267644; PMCID: PMC4205657.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    7. Davidson HW, Wenzlau JM, O'Brien RM. Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) and ß cell function. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Aug; 25(8):415-24. PMID: 24751356; PMCID: PMC4112161.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    8. Zhang L, Crawford F, Yu L, Michels A, Nakayama M, Davidson HW, Kappler JW, Eisenbarth GS. Monoclonal antibody blocking the recognition of an insulin peptide-MHC complex modulates type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014 Feb 18; 111(7):2656-61. PMID: 24550292; PMCID: PMC3932899.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    9. Yang T, Hohenstein AC, Lee CE, Hutton JC, Davidson HW. Mapping I-A(g7) restricted epitopes in murine G6PC2. Immunol Res. 2013 Mar; 55(1-3):91-9. PMID: 22983906; PMCID: PMC3664523.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    10. Scotto M, Afonso G, Larger E, Raverdy C, Lemonnier FA, Carel JC, Dubois-Laforgue D, Baz B, Levy D, Gautier JF, Launay O, Bruno G, Boitard C, Sechi LA, Hutton JC, Davidson HW, Mallone R. Zinc transporter (ZnT)8(186-194) is an immunodominant CD8+ T cell epitope in HLA-A2+ type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetologia. 2012 Jul; 55(7):2026-31. PMID: 22526607; PMCID: PMC3740540.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    11. Beyan H, Riese H, Hawa MI, Beretta G, Davidson HW, Hutton JC, Burger H, Schlosser M, Snieder H, Boehm BO, Leslie RD. Glycotoxin and autoantibodies are additive environmentally determined predictors of type 1 diabetes: a twin and population study. Diabetes. 2012 May; 61(5):1192-8. PMID: 22396204; PMCID: PMC3331747.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    12. Wenzlau JM, Frisch LM, Hutton JC, Davidson HW. Mapping of conformational autoantibody epitopes in ZNT8. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011 Nov; 27(8):883-6. PMID: 22069278; PMCID: PMC3664522.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    13. Wenzlau JM, Gardner TJ, Frisch LM, Davidson HW, Hutton JC. Development of a novel autoantibody assay for autoimmune gastritis in type 1 diabetic individuals. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2011 Nov; 27(8):887-90. PMID: 22069279; PMCID: PMC3812798.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    14. Dang M, Rockell J, Wagner R, Wenzlau JM, Yu L, Hutton JC, Gottlieb PA, Davidson HW. Human type 1 diabetes is associated with T cell autoimmunity to zinc transporter 8. J Immunol. 2011 May 15; 186(10):6056-63. PMID: 21471440; PMCID: PMC3088514.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    15. Yang L, Luo S, Huang G, Peng J, Li X, Yan X, Lin J, Wenzlau JM, Davidson HW, Hutton JC, Zhou Z. The diagnostic value of zinc transporter 8 autoantibody (ZnT8A) for type 1 diabetes in Chinese. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2010 Oct; 26(7):579-84. PMID: 20842762; PMCID: PMC2962924.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    16. YANG L, LUO SM, HUANG G, PENG J, YAN X, WENZLAU J, DAVIDSON HW, HUTTON JC, ZHOU ZG. [Value of zinc transporter 8 autoantibody in the diagnostic classification of acute-onset diabetics]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2010 Sep 28; 90(36):2536-40. PMID: 21092458.
      View in: PubMed
    17. Wenzlau JM, Walter M, Gardner TJ, Frisch LM, Yu L, Eisenbarth GS, Ziegler AG, Davidson HW, Hutton JC. Kinetics of the post-onset decline in zinc transporter 8 autoantibodies in type 1 diabetic human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Oct; 95(10):4712-9. PMID: 20610599; PMCID: PMC3050104.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    18. Hutton JC, Davidson HW. Getting beta all the time: discovery of reliable markers of beta cell mass. Diabetologia. 2010 Jul; 53(7):1254-7. PMID: 20411233.
      View in: PubMed
    19. Hutton JC, Davidson HW. Cytokine-induced dicing and splicing in the beta-cell and the immune response in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2010 Feb; 59(2):335-6. PMID: 20103713; PMCID: PMC2809971.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    20. Yu L, Liu Y, Miao D, Wenzlau J, Davidson H, Hutton J, Eisenbarth GS. Triple chimeric islet autoantigen IA2-ZnT8WR to facilitate islet autoantibody determination. J Immunol Methods. 2010 Feb 28; 353(1-2):20-3. PMID: 20035758.
      View in: PubMed
    21. Sarkar SA, Kutlu B, Velmurugan K, Kizaka-Kondoh S, Lee CE, Wong R, Valentine A, Davidson HW, Hutton JC, Pugazhenthi S. Cytokine-mediated induction of anti-apoptotic genes that are linked to nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) signalling in human islets and in a mouse beta cell line. Diabetologia. 2009 Jun; 52(6):1092-101. PMID: 19343319.
      View in: PubMed
    22. Wenzlau JM, Frisch LM, Gardner TJ, Sarkar S, Hutton JC, Davidson HW. Novel antigens in type 1 diabetes: the importance of ZnT8. Curr Diab Rep. 2009 Apr; 9(2):105-12. PMID: 19323954.
      View in: PubMed
    23. Zhang L, Jasinski JM, Kobayashi M, Davenport B, Johnson K, Davidson H, Nakayama M, Haskins K, Eisenbarth GS. Analysis of T cell receptor beta chains that combine with dominant conserved TRAV5D-4*04 anti-insulin B:9-23 alpha chains. J Autoimmun. 2009 Aug; 33(1):42-9. PMID: 19286348; PMCID: PMC4383244.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    24. Hutton JC, Wong R, Davidson HW. Isolation of dense core secretory vesicles from pancreatic endocrine cells by differential and density gradient centrifugation. Curr Protoc Cell Biol. 2009 Mar; Chapter 3:Unit 3.32. PMID: 19283733.
      View in: PubMed
    25. Wenzlau JM, Moua O, Liu Y, Eisenbarth GS, Hutton JC, Davidson HW. Identification of a major humoral epitope in Slc30A8 (ZnT8). Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Dec; 1150:252-5. PMID: 19120306.
      View in: PubMed
    26. Liu Y, Wenzlau JM, Yu L, Patel C, Eisenbarth GS, Hutton JC, Davidson HW. Conserved epitopes in the protein tyrosine phosphatase family of diabetes autoantigens. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Dec; 1150:245-7. PMID: 19120304.
      View in: PubMed
    27. Wenzlau JM, Moua O, Sarkar SA, Yu L, Rewers M, Eisenbarth GS, Davidson HW, Hutton JC. SlC30A8 is a major target of humoral autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes and a predictive marker in prediabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Dec; 1150:256-9. PMID: 19120307.
      View in: PubMed
    28. Kawasaki E, Uga M, Nakamura K, Kuriya G, Satoh T, Fujishima K, Ozaki M, Abiru N, Yamasaki H, Wenzlau JM, Davidson HW, Hutton JC, Eguchi K. Association between anti-ZnT8 autoantibody specificities and SLC30A8 Arg325Trp variant in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2008 Dec; 51(12):2299-302. PMID: 18850084.
      View in: PubMed
    29. Wenzlau JM, Hutton JC, Davidson HW. New antigenic targets in type 1 diabetes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008 Aug; 15(4):315-20. PMID: 18594270.
      View in: PubMed
    30. Wenzlau JM, Liu Y, Yu L, Moua O, Fowler KT, Rangasamy S, Walters J, Eisenbarth GS, Davidson HW, Hutton JC. A common nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in the SLC30A8 gene determines ZnT8 autoantibody specificity in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes. 2008 Oct; 57(10):2693-7. PMID: 18591387; PMCID: PMC2551679.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    31. Wenzlau JM, Juhl K, Yu L, Moua O, Sarkar SA, Gottlieb P, Rewers M, Eisenbarth GS, Jensen J, Davidson HW, Hutton JC. The cation efflux transporter ZnT8 (Slc30A8) is a major autoantigen in human type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Oct 23; 104(43):17040-5. PMID: 17942684; PMCID: PMC2040407.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    32. Sarkar SA, Wong R, Hackl SI, Moua O, Gill RG, Wiseman A, Davidson HW, Hutton JC. Induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase by interferon-gamma in human islets. Diabetes. 2007 Jan; 56(1):72-9. PMID: 17192467.
      View in: PubMed
    33. Wasmeier C, Burgos PV, Trudeau T, Davidson HW, Hutton JC. An extended tyrosine-targeting motif for endocytosis and recycling of the dense-core vesicle membrane protein phogrin. Traffic. 2005 Jun; 6(6):474-87. PMID: 15882444.
      View in: PubMed
    34. Cook NR, Row PE, Davidson HW. Lysosome associated membrane protein 1 (Lamp1) traffics directly from the TGN to early endosomes. Traffic. 2004 Sep; 5(9):685-99. PMID: 15296493.
      View in: PubMed
    35. Kelemen K, Gottlieb PA, Putnam AL, Davidson HW, Wegmann DR, Hutton JC. HLA-DQ8-associated T cell responses to the diabetes autoantigen phogrin (IA-2 beta) in human prediabetes. J Immunol. 2004 Mar 15; 172(6):3955-62. PMID: 15004204.
      View in: PubMed
    36. Davidson HW. (Pro)Insulin processing: a historical perspective. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2004; 40(3 Suppl):143-58. PMID: 15289650.
      View in: PubMed
    37. Scott CC, Cuellar-Mata P, Matsuo T, Davidson HW, Grinstein S. Role of 3-phosphoinositides in the maturation of Salmonella-containing vacuoles within host cells. J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 12; 277(15):12770-6. PMID: 11821391.
      View in: PubMed
    38. Vieira OV, Botelho RJ, Rameh L, Brachmann SM, Matsuo T, Davidson HW, Schreiber A, Backer JM, Cantley LC, Grinstein S. Distinct roles of class I and class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases in phagosome formation and maturation. J Cell Biol. 2001 Oct 01; 155(1):19-25. PMID: 11581283; PMCID: PMC2150784.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    39. Row PE, Reaves BJ, Domin J, Luzio JP, Davidson HW. Overexpression of a rat kinase-deficient phosphoinositide 3-kinase, Vps34p, inhibits cathepsin D maturation. Biochem J. 2001 Feb 01; 353(Pt 3):655-61. PMID: 11171063; PMCID: PMC1221612.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    40. Cook NR, Davidson HW. In vitro assays of vesicular transport. Traffic. 2001 Jan; 2(1):19-25. PMID: 11208165.
      View in: PubMed
    41. Reaves BJ, Row PE, Bright NA, Luzio JP, Davidson HW. Loss of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor expression promotes the accumulation of lysobisphosphatidic acid in multilamellar bodies. J Cell Sci. 2000 Nov; 113 ( Pt 22):4099-108. PMID: 11058096.
      View in: PubMed
    42. Davidson HW. Direct transport of newly synthesized HLA-DR from the trans-Golgi network to major histocompatibility complex class II containing compartments (MIICS) demonstrated using a novel tyrosine-sulfated chimera. J Biol Chem. 1999 Sep 17; 274(38):27315-22. PMID: 10480952.
      View in: PubMed
    43. Shepherd PR, Reaves BJ, Davidson HW. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases and membrane traffic. Trends Cell Biol. 1996 Mar; 6(3):92-7. PMID: 15157484.
      View in: PubMed
    44. Davidson HW. Wortmannin causes mistargeting of procathepsin D. evidence for the involvement of a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in vesicular transport to lysosomes. J Cell Biol. 1995 Aug; 130(4):797-805. PMID: 7642698; PMCID: PMC2199969.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    45. Pind SN, Nuoffer C, McCaffery JM, Plutner H, Davidson HW, Farquhar MG, Balch WE. Rab1 and Ca2+ are required for the fusion of carrier vesicles mediating endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport. J Cell Biol. 1994 Apr; 125(2):239-52. PMID: 8163543; PMCID: PMC2120032.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    46. Nuoffer C, Davidson HW, Matteson J, Meinkoth J, Balch WE. A GDP-bound of rab1 inhibits protein export from the endoplasmic reticulum and transport between Golgi compartments. J Cell Biol. 1994 Apr; 125(2):225-37. PMID: 8163542; PMCID: PMC2120023.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    47. Davidson HW, Balch WE. Differential inhibition of multiple vesicular transport steps between the endoplasmic reticulum and trans Golgi network. J Biol Chem. 1993 Feb 25; 268(6):4216-26. PMID: 8382697.
      View in: PubMed
    48. Pind S, Davidson H, Schwaninger R, Beckers CJ, Plutner H, Schmid SL, Balch WE. Preparation of semiintact cells for study of vesicular trafficking in vitro. Methods Enzymol. 1993; 221:222-34. PMID: 8395634.
      View in: PubMed
    49. Plutner H, Davidson HW, Saraste J, Balch WE. Morphological analysis of protein transport from the ER to Golgi membranes in digitonin-permeabilized cells: role of the P58 containing compartment. J Cell Biol. 1992 Dec; 119(5):1097-116. PMID: 1447290; PMCID: PMC2289727.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    50. Davidson HW, McGowan CH, Balch WE. Evidence for the regulation of exocytic transport by protein phosphorylation. J Cell Biol. 1992 Mar; 116(6):1343-55. PMID: 1311711; PMCID: PMC2289369.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    51. Davidson HW, Balch WE. Use of two-stage incubations to define sequential intermediates in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi transport. Methods Enzymol. 1992; 219:261-7. PMID: 1487999.
      View in: PubMed
    52. Schwaninger R, Plutner H, Davidson HW, Pind S, Balch WE. Transport of protein between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi compartments in semiintact cells. Methods Enzymol. 1992; 219:110-24. PMID: 1336806.
      View in: PubMed
    53. Davidson HW, Reid PA, Lanzavecchia A, Watts C. Processed antigen binds to newly synthesized MHC class II molecules in antigen-specific B lymphocytes. Cell. 1991 Oct 04; 67(1):105-16. PMID: 1913812.
      View in: PubMed
    54. Guest PC, Ravazzola M, Davidson HW, Orci L, Hutton JC. Molecular heterogeneity and cellular localization of carboxypeptidase H in the islets of Langerhans. Endocrinology. 1991 Aug; 129(2):734-40. PMID: 1855471.
      View in: PubMed
    55. Beckers CJ, Plutner H, Davidson HW, Balch WE. Sequential intermediates in the transport of protein between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi. J Biol Chem. 1990 Oct 25; 265(30):18298-310. PMID: 2120230.
      View in: PubMed
    56. Watts C, Reid PA, West MA, Davidson HW. The antigen processing pathway in B lymphocytes. Semin Immunol. 1990 Jul; 2(4):247-53. PMID: 1983338.
      View in: PubMed
    57. Davidson HW, West MA, Watts C. Endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, and processing of membrane IgG and monovalent antigen/membrane IgG complexes in B lymphocytes. J Immunol. 1990 Jun 01; 144(11):4101-9. PMID: 2187925.
      View in: PubMed
    58. Davidson HW, Watts C. Epitope-directed processing of specific antigen by B lymphocytes. J Cell Biol. 1989 Jul; 109(1):85-92. PMID: 2473083; PMCID: PMC2115474.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    59. Watts C, West MA, Reid PA, Davidson HW. Processing of immunoglobulin-associated antigen in B lymphocytes. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1989; 54 Pt 1:345-52. PMID: 2484164.
      View in: PubMed
    60. Watts C, Davidson HW. Endocytosis and recycling of specific antigen by human B cell lines. EMBO J. 1988 Jul; 7(7):1937-45. PMID: 3262056; PMCID: PMC454465.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    61. Davidson HW, Rhodes CJ, Hutton JC. Intraorganellar calcium and pH control proinsulin cleavage in the pancreatic beta cell via two distinct site-specific endopeptidases. Nature. 1988 May 05; 333(6168):93-6. PMID: 3283564.
      View in: PubMed
    62. Davidson HW, Peshavaria M, Hutton JC. Proteolytic conversion of proinsulin into insulin. Identification of a Ca2+-dependent acidic endopeptidase in isolated insulin-secretory granules. Biochem J. 1987 Sep 01; 246(2):279-86. PMID: 3318807; PMCID: PMC1148274.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    63. Davidson HW, Hutton JC. The insulin-secretory-granule carboxypeptidase H. Purification and demonstration of involvement in proinsulin processing. Biochem J. 1987 Jul 15; 245(2):575-82. PMID: 2822027; PMCID: PMC1148160.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    64. Hutton JC, Davidson HW, Peshavaria M. Proteolytic processing of chromogranin A in purified insulin granules. Formation of a 20 kDa N-terminal fragment (betagranin) by the concerted action of a Ca2+-dependent endopeptidase and carboxypeptidase H (EC 3.4.17.10). Biochem J. 1987 Jun 01; 244(2):457-64. PMID: 2822006; PMCID: PMC1148012.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    65. Hutton JC, Davidson HW, Grimaldi KA, Peshavaria M. Biosynthesis of betagranin in pancreatic beta-cells. Identification of a chromogranin A-like precursor and its parallel processing with proinsulin. Biochem J. 1987 Jun 01; 244(2):449-56. PMID: 3311030; PMCID: PMC1148011.
      View in: PubMed, PubMed Central
    66. Hutton JC, Davidson HW, Peshavaria M. The mechanism of chromogranin A processing. Nature. 1987 Feb 26-Mar 4; 325(6107):766. PMID: 3821867.
      View in: PubMed
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