Colorado PROFILES, The Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute (CCTSI)
Keywords
Last Name
Institution
Menu

Contact Us
If you have any questions or feedback please contact us.

Sonia Flores

TitleProfessor
InstitutionUniversity of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus
DepartmentSOM-MED

    Collapse Research 
    Collapse research activities and funding
    T34GM149812     (ALLEN, RICHARD M)Jun 1, 2023 - May 31, 2028
    NIH
    MARC at the University of Colorado Denver
    Role: Co-Principal Investigator
    R25HL146166     (BARNES, KATHLEEN C;FLORES, SONIA CASTRO ;YANG, IVANA V)Jan 7, 2019 - Dec 31, 2023
    NIH
    PRIDE Academy: Impact of Ancestry and Gender to omics of lung diseases
    Role: Principal Investigator
    U01HL121819     (FLORES, SONIA CASTRO)Sep 26, 2013 - Jul 31, 2019
    NIH
    Genotypic and functional properties of HIV-1 Nef clinical isolates in PAH-HIV
    Role: Principal Investigator
    T34GM096958     (ALLEN, RICHARD M ;FLORES, SONIA CASTRO)Jun 1, 2013 - May 31, 2024
    NIH
    UC Denver MARC U-STAR
    Role: Co-Principal Investigator
    R25HL103286     (COTA-GOMEZ, ADELA ;FLORES, SONIA CASTRO)Jul 1, 2010 - Jun 30, 2025
    NIH
    GEMS, a Short-Term Summer Internship Program for Diverse Students
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R25GM083333     (FLORES, SONIA CASTRO)Mar 1, 2008 - Feb 28, 2013
    NIH
    MBRS-IMSD Program at the University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Cen
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R01HL090480     (FLORES, SONIA CASTRO)Sep 28, 2007 - Jun 30, 2014
    NIH
    Longitudinal studies of HIV-1 Nef in Pulmonary Hypertension
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R01HL083491     (FLORES, SONIA CASTRO)Sep 29, 2005 - Sep 30, 2013
    NIH
    Pathobiology of HIV(SIV)-Induced Angioproliferative Pul*
    Role: Principal Investigator
    T35HL007961     (FLORES, SONIA CASTRO)Jun 1, 2000 - May 31, 2011
    NIH
    Biomedical Research Internship Program for Undergraduate
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R01HL059785     (FLORES, SONIA CASTRO)Sep 1, 1997 - Jun 30, 2009
    NIH
    Role of redox status in HIV-1 Tat-mediated inflammation
    Role: Principal Investigator
    K14HL003157     (FLORES, SONIA CASTRO)May 13, 1994 - Aug 31, 2000
    NIH
    OXIDATIVE BALANCE IN MODELS OF ACUTE LUNG INJURY
    Role: Principal Investigator

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
    List All   |   Timeline
    1. Burden M, Flores SC, Schwartz DA. COVID-19: A Time to Reinvest in Our Scientists. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2021 05 01; 203(9):1190-1191. PMID: 33596390.
      View in: PubMed
    2. Pino-Jones AD, Cervantes L, Flores S, Jones CD, Keach J, Ngov LK, Schwartz DA, Wierman M, Anstett T, Bowden K, Keniston A, Burden M. Advancing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Hospital Medicine. J Hosp Med. 2021 04; 16(4):198-203. PMID: 33617435.
      View in: PubMed
    3. Almodovar S, Wade BE, Porter KM, Smith JM, Lopez-Astacio RA, Bijli K, Kang BY, Cribbs SK, Guidot DM, Molehin D, McNair BK, Pumarejo-Gomez L, Perez Hernandez J, Salazar EA, Martinez EG, Huang L, Kessing CF, Suarez-Martinez EB, Pruitt K, Hsue PY, Tyor WR, Flores SC, Sutliff RL. HIV X4 Variants Increase Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase in the Pulmonary Microenvironment and are associated with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Sci Rep. 2020 07 16; 10(1):11696. PMID: 32678115.
      View in: PubMed
    4. Honda JR, Hess T, Carlson R, Kandasamy P, Nieto Ramirez LM, Norton GJ, Virdi R, Islam MN, Mehaffy C, Hasan NA, Epperson LE, Hesser D, Alper S, Strong M, Flores SC, Voelker DR, Dobos KM, Chan ED. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Show Differential Infectivity and Use Phospholipids to Antagonize LL-37. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2020 03; 62(3):354-363. PMID: 31545652.
      View in: PubMed
    5. Almodovar S, Swanson J, Giavedoni LD, Kanthaswamy S, Long CS, Voelkel NF, Edwards MG, Folkvord JM, Connick E, Westmoreland SV, Luciw PA, Flores SC. Lung Vascular Remodeling, Cardiac Hypertrophy, and Inflammatory Cytokines in SHIVnef-Infected Macaques. Viral Immunol. 2018 04; 31(3):206-222. PMID: 29256819.
      View in: PubMed
    6. Presti RM, Flores SC, Palmer BE, Atkinson JJ, Lesko CR, Lau B, Fontenot AP, Roman J, McDyer JF, Twigg HL. Mechanisms Underlying HIV-Associated Noninfectious Lung Disease. Chest. 2017 11; 152(5):1053-1060. PMID: 28427967.
      View in: PubMed
    7. Morris A, Flores SC. Study of the Lung Microbiome. Have We Reached the End of the Beginning? Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 01 01; 195(1):15-16. PMID: 28035854.
      View in: PubMed
    8. Leader JK, Crothers K, Huang L, King MA, Morris A, Thompson BW, Flores SC, Drummond MB, Rom WN, Diaz PT. Risk Factors Associated With Quantitative Evidence of Lung Emphysema and Fibrosis in an HIV-Infected Cohort. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016 Apr 01; 71(4):420-7. PMID: 26914911.
      View in: PubMed
    9. Duncan GA, Lockett A, Villegas LR, Almodovar S, Gomez JL, Flores SC, Wilkes DS, Tigno XT. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop Summary: Enhancing Opportunities for Training and Retention of a Diverse Biomedical Workforce. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016 Apr; 13(4):562-7. PMID: 27058184.
      View in: PubMed
    10. Beck JM, Schloss PD, Venkataraman A, Twigg H, Jablonski KA, Bushman FD, Campbell TB, Charlson ES, Collman RG, Crothers K, Curtis JL, Drews KL, Flores SC, Fontenot AP, Foulkes MA, Frank I, Ghedin E, Huang L, Lynch SV, Morris A, Palmer BE, Schmidt TM, Sodergren E, Weinstock GM, Young VB. Multicenter Comparison of Lung and Oral Microbiomes of HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Individuals. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Dec 01; 192(11):1335-44. PMID: 26247840.
      View in: PubMed
    11. Honda JR, Hess T, Malcolm KC, Ovrutsky AR, Bai X, Irani VR, Dobos KM, Chan ED, Flores SC. Pathogenic nontuberculous mycobacteria resist and inactivate cathelicidin: implication of a novel role for polar mycobacterial lipids. PLoS One. 2015; 10(5):e0126994. PMID: 25993058.
      View in: PubMed
    12. Neff CP, Chain JL, MaWhinney S, Martin AK, Linderman DJ, Flores SC, Campbell TB, Palmer BE, Fontenot AP. Lymphocytic alveolitis is associated with the accumulation of functionally impaired HIV-specific T cells in the lung of antiretroviral therapy-naive subjects. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Feb 15; 191(4):464-73. PMID: 25536276.
      View in: PubMed
    13. Honda JR, Connick E, MaWhinney S, Chan ED, Flores SC. Plasma LL-37 correlates with vitamin D and is reduced in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected individuals not receiving antiretroviral therapy. J Med Microbiol. 2014 Jul; 63(Pt 7):997-1003. PMID: 24821067.
      View in: PubMed
    14. Wang T, Green LA, Gupta SK, Kim C, Wang L, Almodovar S, Flores SC, Prudovsky IA, Jolicoeur P, Liu Z, Clauss M. Transfer of intracellular HIV Nef to endothelium causes endothelial dysfunction. PLoS One. 2014; 9(3):e91063. PMID: 24608713.
      View in: PubMed
    15. Martin RJ, Flores S, Kraft M. The lung microbiome. A new frontier in pulmonary medicine: introduction and perspective. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014 Jan; 11 Suppl 1:S1-2. PMID: 24437397.
      View in: PubMed
    16. Roy MG, Livraghi-Butrico A, Fletcher AA, McElwee MM, Evans SE, Boerner RM, Alexander SN, Bellinghausen LK, Song AS, Petrova YM, Tuvim MJ, Adachi R, Romo I, Bordt AS, Bowden MG, Sisson JH, Woodruff PG, Thornton DJ, Rousseau K, De la Garza MM, Moghaddam SJ, Karmouty-Quintana H, Blackburn MR, Drouin SM, Davis CW, Terrell KA, Grubb BR, O'Neal WK, Flores SC, Cota-Gomez A, Lozupone CA, Donnelly JM, Watson AM, Hennessy CE, Keith RC, Yang IV, Barthel L, Henson PM, Janssen WJ, Schwartz DA, Boucher RC, Dickey BF, Evans CM. Muc5b is required for airway defence. Nature. 2014 Jan 16; 505(7483):412-6. PMID: 24317696.
      View in: PubMed
    17. Lozupone CA, Li M, Campbell TB, Flores SC, Linderman D, Gebert MJ, Knight R, Fontenot AP, Palmer BE. Alterations in the gut microbiota associated with HIV-1 infection. Cell Host Microbe. 2013 Sep 11; 14(3):329-39. PMID: 24034618.
      View in: PubMed
    18. Twigg HL, Morris A, Ghedin E, Curtis JL, Huffnagle GB, Crothers K, Campbell TB, Flores SC, Fontenot AP, Beck JM, Huang L, Lynch S, Knox KS, Weinstock G. Use of bronchoalveolar lavage to assess the respiratory microbiome: signal in the noise. Lancet Respir Med. 2013 Jul; 1(5):354-6. PMID: 24429191.
      View in: PubMed
    19. Morris A, Beck JM, Schloss PD, Campbell TB, Crothers K, Curtis JL, Flores SC, Fontenot AP, Ghedin E, Huang L, Jablonski K, Kleerup E, Lynch SV, Sodergren E, Twigg H, Young VB, Bassis CM, Venkataraman A, Schmidt TM, Weinstock GM. Comparison of the respiratory microbiome in healthy nonsmokers and smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 May 15; 187(10):1067-75. PMID: 23491408.
      View in: PubMed
    20. Lozupone C, Cota-Gomez A, Palmer BE, Linderman DJ, Charlson ES, Sodergren E, Mitreva M, Abubucker S, Martin J, Yao G, Campbell TB, Flores SC, Ackerman G, Stombaugh J, Ursell L, Beck JM, Curtis JL, Young VB, Lynch SV, Huang L, Weinstock GM, Knox KS, Twigg H, Morris A, Ghedin E, Bushman FD, Collman RG, Knight R, Fontenot AP. Widespread colonization of the lung by Tropheryma whipplei in HIV infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 May 15; 187(10):1110-7. PMID: 23392441.
      View in: PubMed
    21. Flores SC, Almodovar S. Human immunodeficiency virus, herpes virus infections, and pulmonary vascular disease. Pulm Circ. 2013 Jan; 3(1):165-70. PMID: 23662195.
      View in: PubMed
    22. Almodovar S, Knight R, Allshouse AA, Roemer S, Lozupone C, McDonald D, Widmann J, Voelkel NF, Shelton RJ, Suarez EB, Hammer KW, Goujard C, Petrosillo N, Simonneau G, Hsue PY, Humbert M, Flores SC. Human Immunodeficiency Virus nef signature sequences are associated with pulmonary hypertension. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2012 Jun; 28(6):607-18. PMID: 22066947.
      View in: PubMed
    23. Honda JR, Shang S, Shanley CA, Caraway ML, Henao-Tamayo M, Chan ED, Basaraba RJ, Orme IM, Ordway DJ, Flores SC. Immune Responses of HIV-1 Tat Transgenic Mice to Mycobacterium Tuberculosis W-Beijing SA161. Open AIDS J. 2011; 5:86-95. PMID: 22046211.
      View in: PubMed
    24. Cota-Gomez A, Flores AC, Ling XF, Varella-Garcia M, Flores SC. HIV-1 Tat increases oxidant burden in the lungs of transgenic mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 Nov 01; 51(9):1697-707. PMID: 21855628.
      View in: PubMed
    25. Crothers K, Thompson BW, Burkhardt K, Morris A, Flores SC, Diaz PT, Chaisson RE, Kirk GD, Rom WN, Huang L. HIV-associated lung infections and complications in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2011 Jun; 8(3):275-81. PMID: 21653528.
      View in: PubMed
    26. Almodovar S, Hsue PY, Morelli J, Huang L, Flores SC. Pathogenesis of HIV-associated pulmonary hypertension: potential role of HIV-1 Nef. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2011 Jun; 8(3):308-12. PMID: 21653533.
      View in: PubMed
    27. Zimmerman MA, Haskins K, Bradley B, Gilman J, Gamboni-Robertson F, Flores SC. Autoimmune-mediated vascular injury occurs prior to sustained hyperglycemia in a murine model of type I diabetes mellitus. J Surg Res. 2011 Jun 15; 168(2):e195-202. PMID: 21470634.
      View in: PubMed
    28. Lee JE, Patel K, Almod?var S, Tuder RM, Flores SC, Sehgal PB. Dependence of Golgi apparatus integrity on nitric oxide in vascular cells: implications in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2011 Apr; 300(4):H1141-58. PMID: 21217069.
      View in: PubMed
    29. Almodovar S, Cicalini S, Petrosillo N, Flores SC. Pulmonary hypertension associated with HIV infection: pulmonary vascular disease: the global perspective. Chest. 2010 Jun; 137(6 Suppl):6S-12S. PMID: 20522575.
      View in: PubMed
    30. Sehgal PB, Mukhopadhyay S, Patel K, Xu F, Almod?var S, Tuder RM, Flores SC. Golgi dysfunction is a common feature in idiopathic human pulmonary hypertension and vascular lesions in SHIV-nef-infected macaques. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2009 Oct; 297(4):L729-37. PMID: 19648286.
      View in: PubMed
    31. Hassoun PM, Mouthon L, Barber? JA, Eddahibi S, Flores SC, Grimminger F, Jones PL, Maitland ML, Michelakis ED, Morrell NW, Newman JH, Rabinovitch M, Schermuly R, Stenmark KR, Voelkel NF, Yuan JX, Humbert M. Inflammation, growth factors, and pulmonary vascular remodeling. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Jun 30; 54(1 Suppl):S10-S19. PMID: 19555853.
      View in: PubMed
    32. Irwin DC, McCord JM, Nozik-Grayck E, Beckly G, Foreman B, Sullivan T, White M, T Crossno J, Bailey D, Flores SC, Majka S, Klemm D, van Patot MC. A potential role for reactive oxygen species and the HIF-1alpha-VEGF pathway in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular leak. Free Radic Biol Med. 2009 Jul 01; 47(1):55-61. PMID: 19358884.
      View in: PubMed
    33. Voelkel NF, Cool CD, Flores S. From viral infection to pulmonary arterial hypertension: a role for viral proteins? AIDS. 2008 Sep; 22 Suppl 3:S49-53. PMID: 18845922.
      View in: PubMed
    34. Zimmerman MA, Flores SC. Autoimmune-mediated oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction: implications of accelerated vascular injury in type I diabetes. J Surg Res. 2009 Jul; 155(1):173-8. PMID: 18805553.
      View in: PubMed
    35. Nicolls MR, Haskins K, Flores SC. Oxidant stress, immune dysregulation, and vascular function in type I diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007 Jul; 9(7):879-89. PMID: 17508913.
      View in: PubMed
    36. Tuder RM, Marecki JC, Richter A, Fijalkowska I, Flores S. Pathology of pulmonary hypertension. Clin Chest Med. 2007 Mar; 28(1):23-42, vii. PMID: 17338926.
      View in: PubMed
    37. Marecki JC, Cool CD, Parr JE, Beckey VE, Luciw PA, Tarantal AF, Carville A, Shannon RP, Cota-Gomez A, Tuder RM, Voelkel NF, Flores SC. HIV-1 Nef is associated with complex pulmonary vascular lesions in SHIV-nef-infected macaques. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006 Aug 15; 174(4):437-45. PMID: 16728715.
      View in: PubMed
    38. Marecki J, Cool C, Voelkel N, Luciw P, Flores S. Evidence for vascular remodeling in the lungs of macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus/HIV NEF recombinant virus. Chest. 2005 Dec; 128(6 Suppl):621S-622S. PMID: 16373878.
      View in: PubMed
    39. Ling X, Cota-Gomez A, Flores NC, Hernandez-Saavedra D, McCord JM, Marecki JC, Haskins K, McDuffie M, Powers K, Kench J, Oka M, McMurtry I, Flores SC. Alterations in redox homeostasis and prostaglandins impair endothelial-dependent vasodilation in euglycemic autoimmune nonobese diabetic mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2005 Oct 15; 39(8):1089-98. PMID: 16198235.
      View in: PubMed
    40. Porntadavity S, Nath A, Prachayasittikul V, Cota-Gomez A, Flores SC, St Clair DK. Different roles of Sp family members in HIV-1 Tat-mediated manganese superoxide dismutase suppression in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. DNA Cell Biol. 2005 May; 24(5):299-310. PMID: 15869407.
      View in: PubMed
    41. Hines IN, Harada H, Flores S, Gao B, McCord JM, Grisham MB. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase protects the post-ischemic liver: potential interactions with superoxide. Biomed Pharmacother. 2005 May; 59(4):183-9. PMID: 15862713.
      View in: PubMed
    42. Connor KM, Subbaram S, Regan KJ, Nelson KK, Mazurkiewicz JE, Bartholomew PJ, Aplin AE, Tai YT, Aguirre-Ghiso J, Flores SC, Melendez JA. Mitochondrial H2O2 regulates the angiogenic phenotype via PTEN oxidation. J Biol Chem. 2005 Apr 29; 280(17):16916-24. PMID: 15701646.
      View in: PubMed
    43. Stringer KA, Freed BM, Dunn JS, Sayers S, Gustafson DL, Flores SC. Particulate phase cigarette smoke increases MnSOD, NQO1, and CINC-1 in rat lungs. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 Nov 15; 37(10):1527-33. PMID: 15477004.
      View in: PubMed
    44. Marecki JC, Cota-Gomez A, Vaitaitis GM, Honda JR, Porntadavity S, St Clair DK, Flores SC. HIV-1 Tat regulates the SOD2 basal promoter by altering Sp1/Sp3 binding activity. Free Radic Biol Med. 2004 Sep 15; 37(6):869-80. PMID: 15706661.
      View in: PubMed
    45. Taniai H, Hines IN, Bharwani S, Maloney RE, Nimura Y, Gao B, Flores SC, McCord JM, Grisham MB, Aw TY. Susceptibility of murine periportal hepatocytes to hypoxia-reoxygenation: role for NO and Kupffer cell-derived oxidants. Hepatology. 2004 Jun; 39(6):1544-52. PMID: 15185295.
      View in: PubMed
    46. Qadri I, Iwahashi M, Capasso JM, Hopken MW, Flores S, Schaack J, Simon FR. Induced oxidative stress and activated expression of manganese superoxide dismutase during hepatitis C virus replication: role of JNK, p38 MAPK and AP-1. Biochem J. 2004 Mar 15; 378(Pt 3):919-28. PMID: 14670077.
      View in: PubMed
    47. Harada H, Hines IN, Flores S, Gao B, McCord J, Scheerens H, Grisham MB. Role of NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide in reduced size liver ischemia and reperfusion injury. Arch Biochem Biophys. 2004 Mar 01; 423(1):103-8. PMID: 14871473.
      View in: PubMed
    48. Bowers R, Cool C, Murphy RC, Tuder RM, Hopken MW, Flores SC, Voelkel NF. Oxidative stress in severe pulmonary hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004 Mar 15; 169(6):764-9. PMID: 14701708.
      View in: PubMed
    49. Haskins K, Bradley B, Powers K, Fadok V, Flores S, Ling X, Pugazhenthi S, Reusch J, Kench J. Oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2003 Nov; 1005:43-54. PMID: 14679039.
      View in: PubMed
    50. Gu Y, Xu YC, Wu RF, Nwariaku FE, Souza RF, Flores SC, Terada LS. p47phox participates in activation of RelA in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2003 May 09; 278(19):17210-7. PMID: 12618429.
      View in: PubMed
    51. Tuder RM, Zhen L, Cho CY, Taraseviciene-Stewart L, Kasahara Y, Salvemini D, Voelkel NF, Flores SC. Oxidative stress and apoptosis interact and cause emphysema due to vascular endothelial growth factor receptor blockade. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2003 Jul; 29(1):88-97. PMID: 12600822.
      View in: PubMed
    52. Gao B, Flores SC, Leff JA, Bose SK, McCord JM. Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of a chimeric recombinant superoxide dismutase: SOD2/3. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2003 Jun; 284(6):L917-25. PMID: 12736188.
      View in: PubMed
    53. Piganelli JD, Flores SC, Cruz C, Koepp J, Batinic-Haberle I, Crapo J, Day B, Kachadourian R, Young R, Bradley B, Haskins K. A metalloporphyrin-based superoxide dismutase mimic inhibits adoptive transfer of autoimmune diabetes by a diabetogenic T-cell clone. Diabetes. 2002 Feb; 51(2):347-55. PMID: 11812741.
      View in: PubMed
    54. Gaubatz JW, Flores SC. Purification of eucaryotic extrachromosomal circular DNAs using exonuclease III. Anal Biochem. 1990 Feb 01; 184(2):305-10. PMID: 2327574.
      View in: PubMed
    55. Gaubatz JW, Flores SC. Tissue-specific and age-related variations in repetitive sequences of mouse extrachromosomal circular DNAs. Mutat Res. 1990 Jan; 237(1):29-36. PMID: 2320037.
      View in: PubMed
    56. Flores SC, Sunnerhagen P, Moore TK, Gaubatz JW. Characterization of repetitive sequence families in mouse heart small polydisperse circular DNAs: age-related studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 1988 May 11; 16(9):3889-906. PMID: 3375074.
      View in: PubMed
    57. Flores SC, Moore TK, Gaubatz JW. Dispersed repetitive sequences of the mouse genome are differentially represented in extrachromosomal circular DNAs in vivo. Plasmid. 1987 May; 17(3):257-60. PMID: 2819911.
      View in: PubMed
    Flores's Networks
    Click the "See All" links for more information and interactive visualizations!
    Concepts Expand Description
    See all (375) concept(s)
    _
    Co-Authors Expand Description
    See all (40) people
    _
    Similar People Expand Description
    See all (60) people
    _
    Same Department Expand Description
    Search Department

    Copyright © 2024 The Regents of the University of Colorado, a body corporate. All rights reserved. (Harvard PROFILES RNS software version: 2.11.1)