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Linda R Watkins

TitleDistinguished Professor
InstitutionUniversity of Colorado Boulder
DepartmentPsych-Psychology
Phone303/492-7034

    Collapse Research 
    Collapse research activities and funding
    R01DA044934     (WATKINS, LINDA)Jul 1, 2018 - Apr 30, 2024
    NIH
    Enduring enhancement of neuropathic pain by early post-trauma morphine
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R21NS102932     (WATKINS, LINDA)Jul 1, 2018 - Jun 30, 2021
    NIH
    Enduring reversal of chronic pain by adenosine 2a agonism
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R01AT009366     (WATKINS, LINDA)Dec 1, 2016 - Nov 30, 2021
    NIH
    Targeting neuropathic pain prevention: Modulating the neuroimmunology of peripheral nerve injury
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R01NS097313     (WATKINS, LINDA)Jun 15, 2016 - May 31, 2021
    NIH
    Targeting toll like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR2 to resolve EAE-associated paralysis, pain and cognitive deficits: efficacy of a clinically-relevant blood brain barrier permeable TLR4/TLR2 antagonist
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R01DE021966     (WATKINS, LINDA)Sep 1, 2011 - Aug 31, 2017
    NIH
    Preventing Transition of Acute-to-Chronic Neuropathic Pain: Models, Mechanisms &
    Role: Principal Investigator
    RC1NS067807     (WATKINS, LINDA)Sep 30, 2009 - Aug 31, 2012
    NIH
    Spinal adenosine modulator: enduring anti-inflammatory action in neuropathic pain
    Role: Principal Investigator
    RC1DE020247     (WATKINS, LINDA)Sep 22, 2009 - Aug 31, 2012
    NIH
    Models and mechanisms for the transition of acute-to-chronic orofacial pain
    Role: Principal Investigator
    K05DA024044     (WATKINS, LINDA)Jul 1, 2008 - Aug 30, 2013
    NIH
    Immune and Gilia Regulation of Pain & Analgesic Actions
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R01DA023132     (WATKINS, LINDA)Feb 1, 2008 - Jan 31, 2014
    NIH
    Exploring the Potential of Glia for Regulating Clinically Relevant Opiod Actions
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R01DE017782     (WATKINS, LINDA)Jul 1, 2006 - Jun 30, 2012
    NIH
    Optoid Analgesics: Modulation of Trigeminal &Spinal Glial Activation
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R03NS050441     (WATKINS, LINDA)Sep 15, 2005 - May 31, 2007
    NIH
    Spinal glia activation in human chronic pain
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R01DA017670     (WATKINS, LINDA)Mar 1, 2005 - Dec 31, 2010
    NIH
    Pain facilitation via neuron-to-glia signaling
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R03DA017656     (WATKINS, LINDA)Sep 1, 2004 - Feb 28, 2007
    NIH
    Methods Development for Studying Dorsal Spinal Cord Glia
    Role: Principal Investigator
    K02DA015642     (WATKINS, LINDA)Jun 1, 2003 - May 31, 2008
    NIH
    Immune /Glial Mediation of Exaggerated Pain States
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R21DA015656     (WATKINS, LINDA)Aug 15, 2002 - Jul 31, 2005
    NIH
    Pain control via spinal interleukin-10 gene therapy
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R01NS040696     (WATKINS, LINDA)Jul 1, 2001 - Jun 30, 2006
    NIH
    ALLODYNIC EFFECTS OF SCIATIC INFLAMMATORY NEURITIS
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R01NS038020     (WATKINS, LINDA)Jul 1, 1999 - Jun 30, 2005
    NIH
    PAIN FACILITATION BY GP120 AND HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN
    Role: Principal Investigator
    K02MH001558     (WATKINS, LINDA)Jun 5, 1998 - May 31, 2003
    NIH
    CYTOKINE-TO-BRAIN COMMUNICATION--ROLE OF THE VAGUS
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R01MH055283     (WATKINS, LINDA)Mar 1, 1996 - Feb 28, 2002
    NIH
    CYTOKINE TO BRAIN COMMUNICATION--ROLE OF THE VAGUS
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R01NS031569     (WATKINS, LINDA)Sep 29, 1993 - Sep 28, 1997
    NIH
    ENDOGENOUS ANTI-OPIATE ANALGESIA SYSTEMS
    Role: Principal Investigator
    R43DK038277     (WATKINS, LINDA)Nov 1, 1986 - Mar 31, 1987
    NIH
    IMMUNOENZYMATIC IDENTIFICATION OF HLA &RBC ANTIBODIES
    Role: Principal Investigator

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
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    1. Green-Fulgham SM, Lacagnina MJ, Willcox KF, Li J, Harland ME, Ciena AP, Rocha IRC, Ball JB, Dreher RA, Zuberi YA, Dragavon JM, Chacur M, Maier SF, Watkins LR, Grace PM. Voluntary wheel running prevents formation of membrane attack complexes and myelin degradation after peripheral nerve injury. Brain Behav Immun. 2024 01; 115:419-431. PMID: 37924957.
      View in: PubMed
    2. Green-Fulgham SM, Ball JB, Kwilasz AJ, Harland ME, Frank MG, Dragavon JM, Grace PM, Watkins LR. Interleukin-1beta and inflammasome expression in spinal cord following chronic constriction injury in male and female rats. Brain Behav Immun. 2024 01; 115:157-168. PMID: 37838078.
      View in: PubMed
    3. Ball JB, McNulty CJ, Green-Fulgham SM, Dragavon JM, Correia Rocha IR, Finch MR, Pr?vost ED, Siddique II, Woodall BJ, Watkins LR, Baratta MV, Root DH. Combining RNAscope and immunohistochemistry to visualize inflammatory gene products in neurons and microglia. Front Mol Neurosci. 2023; 16:1225847. PMID: 37664240.
      View in: PubMed
    4. Brown KT, Levis SC, O'Neill CE, Levy C, Rice KC, Watkins LR, Bachtell RK. Toll-like receptor 4 antagonists reduce cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug seeking. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2023 Jul; 240(7):1587-1600. PMID: 37286899.
      View in: PubMed
    5. Clements MA, Kwilasz AJ, Litwiler ST, Sents Z, Woodall BJ, Hayashida K, Watkins LR. Intrathecal non-viral interleukin-10 gene therapy ameliorates neuropathic pain as measured by both classical static allodynia and a novel supra-spinally mediated pain assay, the Two-Arm Rodent Somatosensory (TARS) task. Brain Behav Immun. 2023 07; 111:177-185. PMID: 37037361.
      View in: PubMed
    6. Kwilasz AJ, Clements MA, Larson TA, Harris KM, Litwiler ST, Woodall BJ, Todd LS, Schrama AEW, Mitten EH, Maier SF, Van Dam AM, Rice KC, Watkins LR. Involvement of TLR2-TLR4, NLRP3, and IL-17 in pain induced by a novel Sprague-Dawley rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Front Pain Res (Lausanne). 2022; 3:932530. PMID: 36176709.
      View in: PubMed
    7. Ball JB, Green-Fulgham SM, Watkins LR. Mechanisms of microglia-mediated synapse turnover and synaptogenesis. Prog Neurobiol. 2022 11; 218:102336. PMID: 35940391.
      View in: PubMed
    8. Green-Fulgham SM, Harland ME, Ball JB, Li J, Lacagnina MJ, D'Angelo H, Dreher RA, Willcox KF, Lorca SA, Kwilasz AJ, Maier SF, Watkins LR, Grace PM. Preconditioning by voluntary wheel running attenuates later neuropathic pain via nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 antioxidant signaling in rats. Pain. 2022 10 01; 163(10):1939-1951. PMID: 35486864.
      View in: PubMed
    9. Gaudet AD, Fonken LK, Ayala MT, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Aging and miR-155 in mice influence survival and neuropathic pain after spinal cord injury. Brain Behav Immun. 2021 10; 97:365-370. PMID: 34284114.
      View in: PubMed
    10. Harris KM, Clements MA, Kwilasz AJ, Watkins LR. T cell transgressions: Tales of T cell form and function in diverse disease states. Int Rev Immunol. 2022; 41(5):475-516. PMID: 34152881.
      View in: PubMed
    11. Li H, Peng Y, Lin C, Zhang X, Zhang T, Wang Y, Li Y, Wu S, Wang H, Hutchinson MR, Watkins LR, Wang X. Nicotine and its metabolite cotinine target MD2 and inhibit TLR4 signaling. Innovation (Camb). 2021 May 28; 2(2):100111. PMID: 34557761.
      View in: PubMed
    12. Lacagnina MJ, Heijnen CJ, Watkins LR, Grace PM. Autoimmune regulation of chronic pain. Pain Rep. 2021; 6(1):e905. PMID: 33981931.
      View in: PubMed
    13. Kwilasz AJ, Green Fulgham SM, Duran-Malle JC, Schrama AEW, Mitten EH, Todd LS, Patel HP, Larson TA, Clements MA, Harris KM, Litwiler ST, Harvey LO, Maier SF, Chavez RA, Rice KC, Van Dam AM, Watkins LR. Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 antagonism for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-related pain. Brain Behav Immun. 2021 03; 93:80-95. PMID: 33358978.
      View in: PubMed
    14. Muscat SM, Deems NP, D'Angelo H, Kitt MM, Grace PM, Andersen ND, Silverman SN, Rice KC, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Barrientos RM. Postoperative cognitive dysfunction is made persistent with morphine treatment in aged rats. Neurobiol Aging. 2021 02; 98:214-224. PMID: 33341652.
      View in: PubMed
    15. Kwilasz AJ, Todd LS, Duran-Malle JC, Schrama AEW, Mitten EH, Larson TA, Clements MA, Harris KM, Litwiler ST, Wang X, Van Dam AM, Maier SF, Rice KC, Watkins LR, Barrientos RM. Experimental autoimmune encephalopathy (EAE)-induced hippocampal neuroinflammation and memory deficits are prevented with the non-opioid TLR2/TLR4 antagonist (+)-naltrexone. Behav Brain Res. 2021 01 01; 396:112896. PMID: 32905811.
      View in: PubMed
    16. Doyle TM, Janes K, Chen Z, Grace PM, Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S, Largent-Milnes TM, Neumann WL, Watkins LR, Spiegel S, Vanderah TW, Salvemini D. Activation of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 in the central nervous system contributes to morphine-induced hyperalgesia and antinociceptive tolerance in rodents. Pain. 2020 09 01; 161(9):2107-2118. PMID: 32301840.
      View in: PubMed
    17. Watkins LR, Chavez RA, Landry R, Fry M, Green-Fulgham SM, Coulson JD, Collins SD, Glover DK, Rieger J, Forsayeth JR. Targeted interleukin-10 plasmid DNA therapy in the treatment of osteoarthritis: Toxicology and pain efficacy assessments. Brain Behav Immun. 2020 11; 90:155-166. PMID: 32800926.
      View in: PubMed
    18. Frank MG, Baratta MV, Zhang K, Fallon IP, Pearson MA, Liu G, Hutchinson MR, Watkins LR, Goldys EM, Maier SF. Acute stress induces the rapid and transient induction of caspase-1, gasdermin D and release of constitutive IL-1? protein in dorsal hippocampus. Brain Behav Immun. 2020 11; 90:70-80. PMID: 32750541.
      View in: PubMed
    19. Green-Fulgham SM, Ball JB, Maier SF, Rice KC, Watkins LR, Grace PM. Suppression of active phase voluntary wheel running in male rats by unilateral chronic constriction injury: Enduring therapeutic effects of a brief treatment of morphine combined with TLR4 or P2X7 antagonists. J Neurosci Res. 2022 01; 100(1):265-277. PMID: 32533604.
      View in: PubMed
    20. Frank MG, Fonken LK, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Acute stress induces chronic neuroinflammatory, microglial and behavioral priming: A role for potentiated NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Brain Behav Immun. 2020 10; 89:32-42. PMID: 32485293.
      View in: PubMed
    21. Daut RA, Ravenel JR, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Fonken LK. The behavioral and neurochemical effects of an inescapable stressor are time of day dependent. Stress. 2020 07; 23(4):405-416. PMID: 31868091.
      View in: PubMed
    22. Green-Fulgham SM, Ball JB, Kwilasz AJ, Fabisiak T, Maier SF, Watkins LR, Grace PM. Oxycodone, fentanyl, and morphine amplify established neuropathic pain in male rats. Pain. 2019 11; 160(11):2634-2640. PMID: 31299018.
      View in: PubMed
    23. Peng Y, Zhang X, Zhang T, Grace PM, Li H, Wang Y, Li H, Chen H, Watkins LR, Hutchinson MR, Yin H, Wang X. Lovastatin inhibits Toll-like receptor 4 signaling in microglia by targeting its co-receptor myeloid differentiation protein 2 and attenuates neuropathic pain. Brain Behav Immun. 2019 11; 82:432-444. PMID: 31542403.
      View in: PubMed
    24. Wang X, Northcutt AL, Cochran TA, Zhang X, Fabisiak TJ, Haas ME, Amat J, Li H, Rice KC, Maier SF, Bachtell RK, Hutchinson MR, Watkins LR. Methamphetamine Activates Toll-Like Receptor 4 to Induce Central Immune Signaling within the Ventral Tegmental Area and Contributes to Extracellular Dopamine Increase in the Nucleus Accumbens Shell. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2019 08 21; 10(8):3622-3634. PMID: 31282647.
      View in: PubMed
    25. LaRocca TJ, Mariani A, Watkins LR, Link CD. TDP-43 knockdown causes innate immune activation via protein kinase R in astrocytes. Neurobiol Dis. 2019 12; 132:104514. PMID: 31229690.
      View in: PubMed
    26. Zhang X, Peng Y, Grace PM, Metcalf MD, Kwilasz AJ, Wang Y, Zhang T, Wu S, Selfridge BR, Portoghese PS, Rice KC, Watkins LR, Hutchinson MR, Wang X. Stereochemistry and innate immune recognition: (+)-norbinaltorphimine targets myeloid differentiation protein 2 and inhibits toll-like receptor 4 signaling. FASEB J. 2019 08; 33(8):9577-9587. PMID: 31162938.
      View in: PubMed
    27. Frank MG, Annis JL, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Glucocorticoids mediate stress induction of the alarmin HMGB1 and reduction of the microglia checkpoint receptor CD200R1 in limbic brain structures. Brain Behav Immun. 2019 08; 80:678-687. PMID: 31078691.
      View in: PubMed
    28. Gaudet AD, Fonken LK, Ayala MT, Dangelo HM, Smith EJ, Bateman EM, Schleicher WE, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Spinal Cord Injury in Rats Dysregulates Diurnal Rhythms of Fecal Output and Liver Metabolic Indicators. J Neurotrauma. 2019 06 15; 36(12):1923-1934. PMID: 30501584.
      View in: PubMed
    29. Frank MG, Fonken LK, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Microglia: Neuroimmune-sensors of stress. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2019 10; 94:176-185. PMID: 30638704.
      View in: PubMed
    30. Grace PM, Galer EL, Strand KA, Corrigan K, Berkelhammer D, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Repeated Morphine Prolongs Postoperative Pain in Male Rats. Anesth Analg. 2019 01; 128(1):161-167. PMID: 29596097.
      View in: PubMed
    31. Gaudet AD, Fonken LK, Ayala MT, Bateman EM, Schleicher WE, Smith EJ, D'Angelo HM, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Spinal Cord Injury in Rats Disrupts the Circadian System. eNeuro. 2018 Nov-Dec; 5(6). PMID: 30627655.
      View in: PubMed
    32. Kwilasz AJ, Green Fulgham SM, Ellis A, Patel HP, Duran-Malle JC, Favret J, Harvey LO, Rieger J, Maier SF, Watkins LR. A single peri-sciatic nerve administration of the adenosine 2A receptor agonist ATL313 produces long-lasting anti-allodynia and anti-inflammatory effects in male rats. Brain Behav Immun. 2019 02; 76:116-125. PMID: 30453021.
      View in: PubMed
    33. Daut RA, Hartsock MJ, Tomczik AC, Watkins LR, Spencer RL, Maier SF, Fonken LK. Circadian misalignment has differential effects on affective behavior following exposure to controllable or uncontrollable stress. Behav Brain Res. 2019 02 01; 359:440-445. PMID: 30312639.
      View in: PubMed
    34. Frank MG, Fonken LK, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Lowry CA. Could Probiotics Be Used to Mitigate Neuroinflammation? ACS Chem Neurosci. 2019 01 16; 10(1):13-15. PMID: 30109920.
      View in: PubMed
    35. Fonken LK, Frank MG, D'Angelo HM, Heinze JD, Watkins LR, Lowry CA, Maier SF. Mycobacterium vaccae immunization protects aged rats from surgery-elicited neuroinflammation and cognitive dysfunction. Neurobiol Aging. 2018 11; 71:105-114. PMID: 30118926.
      View in: PubMed
    36. Frank MG, Fonken LK, Dolzani SD, Annis JL, Siebler PH, Schmidt D, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Lowry CA. Immunization with Mycobacterium vaccae induces an anti-inflammatory milieu in the CNS: Attenuation of stress-induced microglial priming, alarmins and anxiety-like behavior. Brain Behav Immun. 2018 10; 73:352-363. PMID: 29807129.
      View in: PubMed
    37. Grace PM, Strand KA, Galer EL, Maier SF, Watkins LR. MicroRNA-124 and microRNA-146a both attenuate persistent neuropathic pain induced by morphine in male rats. Brain Res. 2018 08 01; 1692:9-11. PMID: 29723521.
      View in: PubMed
    38. Anttila JE, Albert K, Wires ES, M?tlik K, Loram LC, Watkins LR, Rice KC, Wang Y, Harvey BK, Airavaara M. Post-stroke Intranasal (+)-Naloxone Delivery Reduces Microglial Activation and Improves Behavioral Recovery from Ischemic Injury. eNeuro. 2018 Mar-Apr; 5(2). PMID: 29766045.
      View in: PubMed
    39. Zhang K, Baratta MV, Liu G, Frank MG, Leslie NR, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Hutchinson MR, Goldys EM. A novel platform for in vivo detection of cytokine release within discrete brain regions. Brain Behav Immun. 2018 07; 71:18-22. PMID: 29678795.
      View in: PubMed
    40. Zhang X, Cui F, Chen H, Zhang T, Yang K, Wang Y, Jiang Z, Rice KC, Watkins LR, Hutchinson MR, Li Y, Peng Y, Wang X. Dissecting the Innate Immune Recognition of Opioid Inactive Isomer (+)-Naltrexone Derived Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Antagonists. J Chem Inf Model. 2018 04 23; 58(4):816-825. PMID: 29518316.
      View in: PubMed
    41. Grace PM, Wang X, Strand KA, Baratta MV, Zhang Y, Galer EL, Yin H, Maier SF, Watkins LR. DREADDed microglia in pain: Implications for spinal inflammatory signaling in male rats. Exp Neurol. 2018 06; 304:125-131. PMID: 29530713.
      View in: PubMed
    42. Fonken LK, Frank MG, Gaudet AD, D'Angelo HM, Daut RA, Hampson EC, Ayala MT, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Neuroinflammatory priming to stress is differentially regulated in male and female rats. Brain Behav Immun. 2018 05; 70:257-267. PMID: 29524458.
      View in: PubMed
    43. Dolzani SD, Baratta MV, Moss JM, Leslie NL, Tilden SG, S?rensen AT, Watkins LR, Lin Y, Maier SF. Inhibition of a Descending Prefrontal Circuit Prevents Ketamine-Induced Stress Resilience in Females. eNeuro. 2018 Jan-Feb; 5(1). PMID: 29516036.
      View in: PubMed
    44. Baratta MV, Leslie NR, Fallon IP, Dolzani SD, Chun LE, Tamalunas AM, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Behavioural and neural sequelae of stressor exposure are not modulated by controllability in females. Eur J Neurosci. 2018 04; 47(8):959-967. PMID: 29359831.
      View in: PubMed
    45. Kwilasz AJ, Ellis A, Wieseler J, Loram L, Favret J, McFadden A, Springer K, Falci S, Rieger J, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Sustained reversal of central neuropathic pain induced by a single intrathecal injection of adenosine A2A receptor agonists. Brain Behav Immun. 2018 03; 69:470-479. PMID: 29366930.
      View in: PubMed
    46. Frank MG, Fonken LK, Annis JL, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stress disinhibits microglia via down-regulation of CD200R: A mechanism of neuroinflammatory priming. Brain Behav Immun. 2018 03; 69:62-73. PMID: 29104062.
      View in: PubMed
    47. Lacagnina MJ, Watkins LR, Grace PM. Toll-like receptors and their role in persistent pain. Pharmacol Ther. 2018 04; 184:145-158. PMID: 28987324.
      View in: PubMed
    48. Grace PM, Strand KA, Galer EL, Rice KC, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Protraction of neuropathic pain by morphine is mediated by spinal damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) in male rats. Brain Behav Immun. 2018 08; 72:45-50. PMID: 28860068.
      View in: PubMed
    49. Brown KT, Levis SC, O'Neill CE, Northcutt AL, Fabisiak TJ, Watkins LR, Bachtell RK. Innate immune signaling in the ventral tegmental area contributes to drug-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking. Brain Behav Immun. 2018 Jan; 67:130-138. PMID: 28813640.
      View in: PubMed
    50. Gaudet AD, Fonken LK, Watkins LR, Nelson RJ, Popovich PG. MicroRNAs: Roles in Regulating Neuroinflammation. Neuroscientist. 2018 06; 24(3):221-245. PMID: 28737113.
      View in: PubMed
    51. Spencer SJ, D'Angelo H, Soch A, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Barrientos RM. High-fat diet and aging interact to produce neuroinflammation and impair hippocampal- and amygdalar-dependent memory. Neurobiol Aging. 2017 10; 58:88-101. PMID: 28719855.
      View in: PubMed
    52. Gaudet AD, Ayala MT, Schleicher WE, Smith EJ, Bateman EM, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Exploring acute-to-chronic neuropathic pain in rats after contusion spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol. 2017 09; 295:46-54. PMID: 28552717.
      View in: PubMed
    53. Lacagnina MJ, Kopec AM, Cox SS, Hanamsagar R, Wells C, Slade S, Grace PM, Watkins LR, Levin ED, Bilbo SD. Opioid Self-Administration is Attenuated by Early-Life Experience and Gene Therapy for Anti-Inflammatory IL-10 in the Nucleus Accumbens of Male Rats. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2017 Oct; 42(11):2128-2140. PMID: 28436446.
      View in: PubMed
    54. Wieseler J, Ellis A, McFadden A, Stone K, Brown K, Cady S, Bastos LF, Sprunger D, Rezvani N, Johnson K, Rice KC, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Supradural inflammatory soup in awake and freely moving rats induces facial allodynia that is blocked by putative immune modulators. Brain Res. 2017 06 01; 1664:87-94. PMID: 28322750.
      View in: PubMed
    55. Lewis SS, Grace PM, Hutchinson MR, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Constriction of the buccal branch of the facial nerve produces unilateral craniofacial allodynia. Brain Behav Immun. 2017 Aug; 64:59-64. PMID: 27993689.
      View in: PubMed
    56. Barrientos RM, Kitt MM, D'Angelo HM, Watkins LR, Rudy JW, Maier SF. Stable, long-term, spatial memory in young and aged rats achieved with a one day Morris water maze training protocol. Learn Mem. 2016 12; 23(12):699-702. PMID: 27918274.
      View in: PubMed
    57. Grace PM, Gaudet AD, Staikopoulos V, Maier SF, Hutchinson MR, Salvemini D, Watkins LR. Nitroxidative Signaling Mechanisms in Pathological Pain. Trends Neurosci. 2016 12; 39(12):862-879. PMID: 27842920.
      View in: PubMed
    58. Das N, Dewan V, Grace PM, Gunn RJ, Tamura R, Tzarum N, Watkins LR, Wilson IA, Yin H. HMGB1 Activates Proinflammatory Signaling via TLR5 Leading to Allodynia. Cell Rep. 2016 10 18; 17(4):1128-1140. PMID: 27760316.
      View in: PubMed
    59. Dolzani SD, Baratta MV, Amat J, Agster KL, Saddoris MP, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Activation of a Habenulo-Raphe Circuit Is Critical for the Behavioral and Neurochemical Consequences of Uncontrollable Stress in the Male Rat. eNeuro. 2016 Sep-Oct; 3(5). PMID: 27785462.
      View in: PubMed
    60. Grace PM, Fabisiak TJ, Green-Fulgham SM, Anderson ND, Strand KA, Kwilasz AJ, Galer EL, Walker FR, Greenwood BN, Maier SF, Fleshner M, Watkins LR. Prior voluntary wheel running attenuates neuropathic pain. Pain. 2016 09; 157(9):2012-23. PMID: 27355182.
      View in: PubMed
    61. Sobesky JL, D'Angelo HM, Weber MD, Anderson ND, Frank MG, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Barrientos RM. Glucocorticoids Mediate Short-Term High-Fat Diet Induction of Neuroinflammatory Priming, the NLRP3 Inflammasome, and the Danger Signal HMGB1. eNeuro. 2016 Jul-Aug; 3(4). PMID: 27595136.
      View in: PubMed
    62. Ellis A, Grace PM, Wieseler J, Favret J, Springer K, Skarda B, Ayala M, Hutchinson MR, Falci S, Rice KC, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Morphine amplifies mechanical allodynia via TLR4 in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Brain Behav Immun. 2016 Nov; 58:348-356. PMID: 27519154.
      View in: PubMed
    63. Fonken LK, Kitt MM, Gaudet AD, Barrientos RM, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Diminished circadian rhythms in hippocampal microglia may contribute to age-related neuroinflammatory sensitization. Neurobiol Aging. 2016 11; 47:102-112. PMID: 27568094.
      View in: PubMed
    64. Fonken LK, Frank MG, Kitt MM, D'Angelo HM, Norden DM, Weber MD, Barrientos RM, Godbout JP, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The Alarmin HMGB1 Mediates Age-Induced Neuroinflammatory Priming. J Neurosci. 2016 07 27; 36(30):7946-56. PMID: 27466339.
      View in: PubMed
    65. Grace PM, Strand KA, Galer EL, Urban DJ, Wang X, Baratta MV, Fabisiak TJ, Anderson ND, Cheng K, Greene LI, Berkelhammer D, Zhang Y, Ellis AL, Yin HH, Campeau S, Rice KC, Roth BL, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Morphine paradoxically prolongs neuropathic pain in rats by amplifying spinal NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 06 14; 113(24):E3441-50. PMID: 27247388.
      View in: PubMed
    66. Grace PM, Loram LC, Christianson JP, Strand KA, Flyer-Adams JG, Penzkover KR, Forsayeth JR, van Dam AM, Mahoney MJ, Maier SF, Chavez RA, Watkins LR. Behavioral assessment of neuropathic pain, fatigue, and anxiety in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and attenuation by interleukin-10 gene therapy. Brain Behav Immun. 2017 Jan; 59:49-54. PMID: 27189037.
      View in: PubMed
    67. Fonken LK, Weber MD, Daut RA, Kitt MM, Frank MG, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stress-induced neuroinflammatory priming is time of day dependent. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2016 Apr; 66:82-90. PMID: 26799851.
      View in: PubMed
    68. Amat J, Dolzani SD, Tilden S, Christianson JP, Kubala KH, Bartholomay K, Sperr K, Ciancio N, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Previous Ketamine Produces an Enduring Blockade of Neurochemical and Behavioral Effects of Uncontrollable Stress. J Neurosci. 2016 Jan 06; 36(1):153-61. PMID: 26740657.
      View in: PubMed
    69. Frank MG, Weber MD, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stress-induced neuroinflammatory priming: A liability factor in the etiology of psychiatric disorders. Neurobiol Stress. 2016 Oct; 4:62-70. PMID: 27981190.
      View in: PubMed
    70. Frank MG, Weber MD, Fonken LK, Hershman SA, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The redox state of the alarmin HMGB1 is a pivotal factor in neuroinflammatory and microglial priming: A role for the NLRP3 inflammasome. Brain Behav Immun. 2016 07; 55:215-224. PMID: 26482581.
      View in: PubMed
    71. Frank MG, Adhikary S, Sobesky JL, Weber MD, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The danger-associated molecular pattern HMGB1 mediates the neuroinflammatory effects of methamphetamine. Brain Behav Immun. 2016 Jan; 51:99-108. PMID: 26254235.
      View in: PubMed
    72. Frank MG, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The permissive role of glucocorticoids in neuroinflammatory priming: mechanisms and insights. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015 Aug; 22(4):300-5. PMID: 26087336.
      View in: PubMed
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    75. Frank MG, Weber MD, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stress sounds the alarmin: The role of the danger-associated molecular pattern HMGB1 in stress-induced neuroinflammatory priming. Brain Behav Immun. 2015 Aug; 48:1-7. PMID: 25816800.
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    77. Barrientos RM, Kitt MM, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Neuroinflammation in the normal aging hippocampus. Neuroscience. 2015 Nov 19; 309:84-99. PMID: 25772789.
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    78. Griggs RB, Donahue RR, Morgenweck J, Grace PM, Sutton A, Watkins LR, Taylor BK. Pioglitazone rapidly reduces neuropathic pain through astrocyte and nongenomic PPAR? mechanisms. Pain. 2015 Mar; 156(3):469-482. PMID: 25599238.
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    79. Northcutt AL, Hutchinson MR, Wang X, Baratta MV, Hiranita T, Cochran TA, Pomrenze MB, Galer EL, Kopajtic TA, Li CM, Amat J, Larson G, Cooper DC, Huang Y, O'Neill CE, Yin H, Zahniser NR, Katz JL, Rice KC, Maier SF, Bachtell RK, Watkins LR. DAT isn't all that: cocaine reward and reinforcement require Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Mol Psychiatry. 2015 Dec; 20(12):1525-37. PMID: 25644383.
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    80. Loram LC, Strand KA, Taylor FR, Sloane E, Van Dam AM, Rieger J, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Adenosine 2A receptor agonism: A single intrathecal administration attenuates motor paralysis in experimental autoimmune encephalopathy in rats. Brain Behav Immun. 2015 May; 46:50-4. PMID: 25653191.
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    81. Weber MD, Frank MG, Tracey KJ, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stress induces the danger-associated molecular pattern HMGB-1 in the hippocampus of male Sprague Dawley rats: a priming stimulus of microglia and the NLRP3 inflammasome. J Neurosci. 2015 Jan 07; 35(1):316-24. PMID: 25568124.
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    82. Bachtell R, Hutchinson MR, Wang X, Rice KC, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Targeting the Toll of Drug Abuse: The Translational Potential of Toll-Like Receptor 4. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2015; 14(6):692-9. PMID: 26022268.
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    83. Corrigan F, Wu Y, Tuke J, Coller JK, Rice KC, Diener KR, Hayball JD, Watkins LR, Somogyi AA, Hutchinson MR. Alcohol-induced sedation and synergistic interactions between alcohol and morphine: a key mechanistic role for Toll-like receptors and MyD88-dependent signaling. Brain Behav Immun. 2015 Mar; 45:245-52. PMID: 25542736.
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    84. Barrientos RM, Thompson VM, Kitt MM, Amat J, Hale MW, Frank MG, Crysdale NY, Stamper CE, Hennessey PA, Watkins LR, Spencer RL, Lowry CA, Maier SF. Greater glucocorticoid receptor activation in hippocampus of aged rats sensitizes microglia. Neurobiol Aging. 2015 Mar; 36(3):1483-95. PMID: 25559333.
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    85. Fonken LK, Frank MG, Kitt MM, Barrientos RM, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Microglia inflammatory responses are controlled by an intrinsic circadian clock. Brain Behav Immun. 2015 Mar; 45:171-9. PMID: 25433170.
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    86. Kwilasz AJ, Grace PM, Serbedzija P, Maier SF, Watkins LR. The therapeutic potential of interleukin-10 in neuroimmune diseases. Neuropharmacology. 2015 Sep; 96(Pt A):55-69. PMID: 25446571.
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    87. Christianson JP, Flyer-Adams JG, Drugan RC, Amat J, Daut RA, Foilb AR, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Learned stressor resistance requires extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the prefrontal cortex. Front Behav Neurosci. 2014; 8:348. PMID: 25324750.
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    88. Grace PM, Ramos KM, Rodgers KM, Wang X, Hutchinson MR, Lewis MT, Morgan KN, Kroll JL, Taylor FR, Strand KA, Zhang Y, Berkelhammer D, Huey MG, Greene LI, Cochran TA, Yin H, Barth DS, Johnson KW, Rice KC, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Activation of adult rat CNS endothelial cells by opioid-induced toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling induces proinflammatory, biochemical, morphological, and behavioral sequelae. Neuroscience. 2014 Nov 07; 280:299-317. PMID: 25241065.
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    89. Lewis SS, Hutchinson MR, Frick MM, Zhang Y, Maier SF, Sammakia T, Rice KC, Watkins LR. Select steroid hormone glucuronide metabolites can cause toll-like receptor 4 activation and enhanced pain. Brain Behav Immun. 2015 Feb; 44:128-36. PMID: 25218902.
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    90. Zwicker JD, Zhang Y, Ren J, Hutchinson MR, Rice KC, Watkins LR, Greer JJ, Funk GD. Glial TLR4 signaling does not contribute to opioid-induced depression of respiration. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2014 Oct 15; 117(8):857-68. PMID: 25103966.
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    91. Watkins LR, Wang X, Mustafa S, Hutchinson MR. In vivo veritas: (+)-Naltrexone's actions define translational importance: A letter in response to Skolnick et al. 'Translational potential of naloxone and naltrexone as TLR4 antagonists'. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2014 Sep; 35(9):432-3. PMID: 25109571.
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    92. Barrientos RM, Thompson VM, Arnold TH, Frank MG, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The role of hepatic and splenic macrophages in E. coli-induced memory impairments in aged rats. Brain Behav Immun. 2015 Jan; 43:60-7. PMID: 25043992.
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    93. Sobesky JL, Barrientos RM, De May HS, Thompson BM, Weber MD, Watkins LR, Maier SF. High-fat diet consumption disrupts memory and primes elevations in hippocampal IL-1?, an effect that can be prevented with dietary reversal or IL-1 receptor antagonism. Brain Behav Immun. 2014 Nov; 42:22-32. PMID: 24998196.
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    94. Amat J, Christianson JP, Aleksejev RM, Kim J, Richeson KR, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Control over a stressor involves the posterior dorsal striatum and the act/outcome circuit. Eur J Neurosci. 2014 Jul; 40(2):2352-8. PMID: 24862585.
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    95. Watkins LR, Hutchinson MR. A concern on comparing 'apples' and 'oranges' when differences between microglia used in human and rodent studies go far, far beyond simply species: comment on Smith and Dragunow. Trends Neurosci. 2014 Apr; 37(4):189-90. PMID: 24612510.
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    96. Grace PM, Hutchinson MR, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Pathological pain and the neuroimmune interface. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014 Apr; 14(4):217-31. PMID: 24577438.
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    97. Ellis A, Wieseler J, Favret J, Johnson KW, Rice KC, Maier SF, Falci S, Watkins LR. Systemic administration of propentofylline, ibudilast, and (+)-naltrexone each reverses mechanical allodynia in a novel rat model of central neuropathic pain. J Pain. 2014 Apr; 15(4):407-21. PMID: 24412802.
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    99. Frank MG, Hershman SA, Weber MD, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Chronic exposure to exogenous glucocorticoids primes microglia to pro-inflammatory stimuli and induces NLRP3 mRNA in the hippocampus. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014 Feb; 40:191-200. PMID: 24485491.
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    100. Rodgers KM, Deming YK, Bercum FM, Chumachenko SY, Wieseler JL, Johnson KW, Watkins LR, Barth DS. Reversal of established traumatic brain injury-induced, anxiety-like behavior in rats after delayed, post-injury neuroimmune suppression. J Neurotrauma. 2014 Mar 01; 31(5):487-97. PMID: 24041015.
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    101. Grace PM, Strand KA, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Suppression of voluntary wheel running in rats is dependent on the site of inflammation: evidence for voluntary running as a measure of hind paw-evoked pain. J Pain. 2014 Feb; 15(2):121-8. PMID: 24287315.
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    102. Loram LC, Taylor FR, Strand KA, Harrison JA, Rzasalynn R, Sholar P, Rieger J, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Intrathecal injection of adenosine 2A receptor agonists reversed neuropathic allodynia through protein kinase (PK)A/PKC signaling. Brain Behav Immun. 2013 Oct; 33:112-22. PMID: 23811314.
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    103. Hutchinson MR, Watkins LR. Why is neuroimmunopharmacology crucial for the future of addiction research? Neuropharmacology. 2014 Jan; 76 Pt B:218-27. PMID: 23764149.
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    105. Bastos LF, Godin AM, Zhang Y, Jarussophon S, Ferreira BC, Machado RR, Maier SF, Konishi Y, de Freitas RP, Fiebich BL, Watkins LR, Coelho MM, Moraes MF. A minocycline derivative reduces nerve injury-induced allodynia, LPS-induced prostaglandin E2 microglial production and signaling via toll-like receptors 2 and 4. Neurosci Lett. 2013 May 24; 543:157-62. PMID: 23523650.
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    106. Weber MD, Frank MG, Sobesky JL, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Blocking toll-like receptor 2 and 4 signaling during a stressor prevents stress-induced priming of neuroinflammatory responses to a subsequent immune challenge. Brain Behav Immun. 2013 Aug; 32:112-21. PMID: 23500798.
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    107. Frank MG, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stress-induced glucocorticoids as a neuroendocrine alarm signal of danger. Brain Behav Immun. 2013 Oct; 33:1-6. PMID: 23459026.
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    108. Theberge FR, Li X, Kambhampati S, Pickens CL, St Laurent R, Bossert JM, Baumann MH, Hutchinson MR, Rice KC, Watkins LR, Shaham Y. Effect of chronic delivery of the Toll-like receptor 4 antagonist (+)-naltrexone on incubation of heroin craving. Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Apr 15; 73(8):729-37. PMID: 23384483.
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    109. Christianson JP, Drugan RC, Flyer JG, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Anxiogenic effects of brief swim stress are sensitive to stress history. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Jul 01; 44:17-22. PMID: 23357538.
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    110. Lewis SS, Hutchinson MR, Zhang Y, Hund DK, Maier SF, Rice KC, Watkins LR. Glucuronic acid and the ethanol metabolite ethyl-glucuronide cause toll-like receptor 4 activation and enhanced pain. Brain Behav Immun. 2013 May; 30:24-32. PMID: 23348028.
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    111. Loram LC, Taylor FR, Strand KA, Maier SF, Speake JD, Jordan KG, James JW, Wene SP, Pritchard RC, Green H, Van Dyke K, Mazarov A, Letchworth SR, Watkins LR. Systemic administration of an alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine agonist reverses neuropathic pain in male Sprague Dawley rats. J Pain. 2012 Dec; 13(12):1162-71. PMID: 23182225.
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    112. Wang X, Fiorini Z, Smith C, Zhang Y, Li J, Watkins LR, Yin H. Repositioning antimicrobial agent pentamidine as a disruptor of the lateral interactions of transmembrane domain 5 of EBV latent membrane protein 1. PLoS One. 2012; 7(10):e47703. PMID: 23094078.
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    113. Barrientos RM, Hein AM, Frank MG, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Intracisternal interleukin-1 receptor antagonist prevents postoperative cognitive decline and neuroinflammatory response in aged rats. J Neurosci. 2012 Oct 17; 32(42):14641-8. PMID: 23077050.
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    114. Hutchinson MR, Northcutt AL, Hiranita T, Wang X, Lewis SS, Thomas J, van Steeg K, Kopajtic TA, Loram LC, Sfregola C, Galer E, Miles NE, Bland ST, Amat J, Rozeske RR, Maslanik T, Chapman TR, Strand KA, Fleshner M, Bachtell RK, Somogyi AA, Yin H, Katz JL, Rice KC, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Opioid activation of toll-like receptor 4 contributes to drug reinforcement. J Neurosci. 2012 Aug 15; 32(33):11187-200. PMID: 22895704.
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    115. Loram LC, Grace PM, Strand KA, Taylor FR, Ellis A, Berkelhammer D, Bowlin M, Skarda B, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Prior exposure to repeated morphine potentiates mechanical allodynia induced by peripheral inflammation and neuropathy. Brain Behav Immun. 2012 Nov; 26(8):1256-64. PMID: 22902523.
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    116. Frank MG, Barrientos RM, Thompson BM, Weber MD, Watkins LR, Maier SF. IL-1RA injected intra-cisterna magna confers extended prophylaxis against lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammatory and sickness responses. J Neuroimmunol. 2012 Nov 15; 252(1-2):33-9. PMID: 22871632.
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    119. Hughes JP, Chessell I, Malamut R, Perkins M, Backonja M, Baron R, Farrar JT, Field MJ, Gereau RW, Gilron I, McMahon SB, Porreca F, Rappaport BA, Rice F, Richman LK, Segerdahl M, Seminowicz DA, Watkins LR, Waxman SG, Wiech K, Woolf C. Understanding chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012 May; 1255:30-44. PMID: 22564068.
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    120. Rodgers KM, Bercum FM, McCallum DL, Rudy JW, Frey LC, Johnson KW, Watkins LR, Barth DS. Acute neuroimmune modulation attenuates the development of anxiety-like freezing behavior in an animal model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2012 Jul 01; 29(10):1886-97. PMID: 22435644.
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    121. Lewis SS, Loram LC, Hutchinson MR, Li CM, Zhang Y, Maier SF, Huang Y, Rice KC, Watkins LR. (+)-naloxone, an opioid-inactive toll-like receptor 4 signaling inhibitor, reverses multiple models of chronic neuropathic pain in rats. J Pain. 2012 May; 13(5):498-506. PMID: 22520687.
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    122. Loram LC, Sholar PW, Taylor FR, Wiesler JL, Babb JA, Strand KA, Berkelhammer D, Day HE, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Sex and estradiol influence glial pro-inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide in rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2012 Oct; 37(10):1688-99. PMID: 22497984.
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    124. Wu Y, Lousberg EL, Moldenhauer LM, Hayball JD, Coller JK, Rice KC, Watkins LR, Somogyi AA, Hutchinson MR. Inhibiting the TLR4-MyD88 signalling cascade by genetic or pharmacological strategies reduces acute alcohol-induced sedation and motor impairment in mice. Br J Pharmacol. 2012 Mar; 165(5):1319-29. PMID: 21955045.
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    128. Bastos LF, Medeiros DC, Vieira RP, Watkins LR, Coelho MM, Moraes MF. Intraneural dexamethasone applied simultaneously to rat sciatic nerve constriction delays the development of hyperalgesia and allodynia. Neurosci Lett. 2012 Feb 21; 510(1):20-3. PMID: 22240103.
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    129. Wieseler J, Sprunger D, Ellis A, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Indwelling supradural catheters for induction of facial allodynia: surgical procedures, application of inflammatory stimuli, and behavioral testing. Methods Mol Biol. 2012; 851:99-107. PMID: 22351084.
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    130. Wieseler J, Ellis A, Maier SF, Watkins LR, Falci S. Unilateral T13 and L1 dorsal root avulsion: methods for a novel model of central neuropathic pain. Methods Mol Biol. 2012; 851:171-83. PMID: 22351090.
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    136. Johnston IN, Maier SF, Rudy JW, Watkins LR. Post-conditioning experience with acute or chronic inflammatory pain reduces contextual fear conditioning in the rat. Behav Brain Res. 2012 Jan 15; 226(2):361-8. PMID: 21920390.
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    137. Christianson JP, Jennings JH, Ragole T, Flyer JG, Benison AM, Barth DS, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Safety signals mitigate the consequences of uncontrollable stress via a circuit involving the sensory insular cortex and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Sep 01; 70(5):458-64. PMID: 21684526.
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    138. Barrientos RM, Frank MG, Crysdale NY, Chapman TR, Ahrendsen JT, Day HE, Campeau S, Watkins LR, Patterson SL, Maier SF. Little exercise, big effects: reversing aging and infection-induced memory deficits, and underlying processes. J Neurosci. 2011 Aug 10; 31(32):11578-86. PMID: 21832188.
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    139. Hutchinson MR, Shavit Y, Grace PM, Rice KC, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Exploring the neuroimmunopharmacology of opioids: an integrative review of mechanisms of central immune signaling and their implications for opioid analgesia. Pharmacol Rev. 2011 Sep; 63(3):772-810. PMID: 21752874.
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    140. Liu L, Ghosh N, Slivka PF, Fiorini Z, Hutchinson MR, Watkins LR, Yin H. An MD2 hot-spot-mimicking peptide that suppresses TLR4-mediated inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo. Chembiochem. 2011 Aug 16; 12(12):1827-31. PMID: 21678541.
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    141. Benison AM, Chumachenko S, Harrison JA, Maier SF, Falci SP, Watkins LR, Barth DS. Caudal granular insular cortex is sufficient and necessary for the long-term maintenance of allodynic behavior in the rat attributable to mononeuropathy. J Neurosci. 2011 Apr 27; 31(17):6317-28. PMID: 21525272.
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    143. Liu L, Coller JK, Watkins LR, Somogyi AA, Hutchinson MR. Naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal behavior and brain IL-1? expression: comparison of different mouse strains. Brain Behav Immun. 2011 Aug; 25(6):1223-32. PMID: 21447380.
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    144. Wu Y, Lousberg EL, Moldenhauer LM, Hayball JD, Robertson SA, Coller JK, Watkins LR, Somogyi AA, Hutchinson MR. Attenuation of microglial and IL-1 signaling protects mice from acute alcohol-induced sedation and/or motor impairment. Brain Behav Immun. 2011 Jun; 25 Suppl 1:S155-64. PMID: 21276848.
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    152. Joce C, Stahl JA, Shridhar M, Hutchinson MR, Watkins LR, Fedichev PO, Yin H. Application of a novel in silico high-throughput screen to identify selective inhibitors for protein-protein interactions. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 Sep 15; 20(18):5411-3. PMID: 20709548.
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    153. Ramos KM, Lewis MT, Morgan KN, Crysdale NY, Kroll JL, Taylor FR, Harrison JA, Sloane EM, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Spinal upregulation of glutamate transporter GLT-1 by ceftriaxone: therapeutic efficacy in a range of experimental nervous system disorders. Neuroscience. 2010 Sep 15; 169(4):1888-900. PMID: 20547213.
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    154. Soderquist RG, Milligan ED, Harrison JA, Chavez RA, Johnson KW, Watkins LR, Mahoney MJ. PEGylation of interleukin-10 for the mitigation of enhanced pain states. J Biomed Mater Res A. 2010 Jun 01; 93(3):1169-79. PMID: 19768789.
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    155. Frank MG, Barrientos RM, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Aging sensitizes rapidly isolated hippocampal microglia to LPS ex vivo. J Neuroimmunol. 2010 Sep 14; 226(1-2):181-4. PMID: 20537730.
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    156. Bevan DE, Martinko AJ, Loram LC, Stahl JA, Taylor FR, Joshee S, Watkins LR, Yin H. Selection, Preparation, and Evaluation of Small- Molecule Inhibitors of Toll-Like Receptor 4. ACS Med Chem Lett. 2010 Apr 12; 1(5):194-198. PMID: 20824192.
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    157. Hutchinson MR, Loram LC, Zhang Y, Shridhar M, Rezvani N, Berkelhammer D, Phipps S, Foster PS, Landgraf K, Falke JJ, Rice KC, Maier SF, Yin H, Watkins LR. Evidence that tricyclic small molecules may possess toll-like receptor and myeloid differentiation protein 2 activity. Neuroscience. 2010 Jun 30; 168(2):551-63. PMID: 20381591.
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    158. Buchanan MM, Hutchinson M, Watkins LR, Yin H. Toll-like receptor 4 in CNS pathologies. J Neurochem. 2010 Jul; 114(1):13-27. PMID: 20402965.
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    159. Loram LC, Harrison JA, Chao L, Taylor FR, Reddy A, Travis CL, Giffard R, Al-Abed Y, Tracey K, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Intrathecal injection of an alpha seven nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist attenuates gp120-induced mechanical allodynia and spinal pro-inflammatory cytokine profiles in rats. Brain Behav Immun. 2010 Aug; 24(6):959-67. PMID: 20353818.
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    160. Bland ST, Beckley JT, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Bilbo SD. Neonatal Escherichia coli infection alters glial, cytokine, and neuronal gene expression in response to acute amphetamine in adolescent rats. Neurosci Lett. 2010 Apr 19; 474(1):52-7. PMID: 20223277.
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    161. Soderquist RG, Sloane EM, Loram LC, Harrison JA, Dengler EC, Johnson SM, Amer LD, Young CS, Lewis MT, Poole S, Frank MG, Watkins LR, Milligan ED, Mahoney MJ. Release of plasmid DNA-encoding IL-10 from PLGA microparticles facilitates long-term reversal of neuropathic pain following a single intrathecal administration. Pharm Res. 2010 May; 27(5):841-54. PMID: 20224990.
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    162. Hutchinson MR, Lewis SS, Coats BD, Rezvani N, Zhang Y, Wieseler JL, Somogyi AA, Yin H, Maier SF, Rice KC, Watkins LR. Possible involvement of toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differentiation factor-2 activity of opioid inactive isomers causes spinal proinflammation and related behavioral consequences. Neuroscience. 2010 May 19; 167(3):880-93. PMID: 20178837.
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    169. Wieseler J, Ellis A, Sprunger D, Brown K, McFadden A, Mahoney J, Rezvani N, Maier SF, Watkins LR. A novel method for modeling facial allodynia associated with migraine in awake and freely moving rats. J Neurosci Methods. 2010 Jan 15; 185(2):236-45. PMID: 19837113.
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    170. Frank MG, Barrientos RM, Hein AM, Biedenkapp JC, Watkins LR, Maier SF. IL-1RA blocks E. coli-induced suppression of Arc and long-term memory in aged F344xBN F1 rats. Brain Behav Immun. 2010 Feb; 24(2):254-62. PMID: 19822205.
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    175. Hughes TS, Langer SJ, Virtanen SI, Chavez RA, Watkins LR, Milligan ED, Leinwand LA. Immunogenicity of intrathecal plasmid gene delivery: cytokine release and effects on transgene expression. J Gene Med. 2009 Sep; 11(9):782-90. PMID: 19533588.
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    176. Bilbo SD, Wieseler JL, Barrientos RM, Tsang V, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Neonatal bacterial infection alters fever to live and simulated infections in adulthood. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2010 Apr; 35(3):369-81. PMID: 19682802.
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    177. Hutchinson MR, Zhang Y, Shridhar M, Evans JH, Buchanan MM, Zhao TX, Slivka PF, Coats BD, Rezvani N, Wieseler J, Hughes TS, Landgraf KE, Chan S, Fong S, Phipps S, Falke JJ, Leinwand LA, Maier SF, Yin H, Rice KC, Watkins LR. Evidence that opioids may have toll-like receptor 4 and MD-2 effects. Brain Behav Immun. 2010 Jan; 24(1):83-95. PMID: 19679181.
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    179. Frank MG, Miguel ZD, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Prior exposure to glucocorticoids sensitizes the neuroinflammatory and peripheral inflammatory responses to E. coli lipopolysaccharide. Brain Behav Immun. 2010 Jan; 24(1):19-30. PMID: 19647070.
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    180. Sloane E, Langer S, Jekich B, Mahoney J, Hughes T, Frank M, Seibert W, Huberty G, Coats B, Harrison J, Klinman D, Poole S, Maier S, Johnson K, Chavez R, Watkins LR, Leinwand L, Milligan E. Immunological priming potentiates non-viral anti-inflammatory gene therapy treatment of neuropathic pain. Gene Ther. 2009 Oct; 16(10):1210-22. PMID: 19571887.
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    181. Rodgers KM, Hutchinson MR, Northcutt A, Maier SF, Watkins LR, Barth DS. The cortical innate immune response increases local neuronal excitability leading to seizures. Brain. 2009 Sep; 132(Pt 9):2478-86. PMID: 19567702.
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    182. Bartley J, Watkins LR. Comment on: excessive opioid use and the development of chronic migraine. Pain. 2009 Sep; 145(1-2):262-3. PMID: 19553017.
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    184. Slivka PF, Shridhar M, Lee GI, Sammond DW, Hutchinson MR, Martinko AJ, Buchanan MM, Sholar PW, Kearney JJ, Harrison JA, Watkins LR, Yin H. A peptide antagonist of the TLR4-MD2 interaction. Chembiochem. 2009 Mar 02; 10(4):645-9. PMID: 19184989.
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    185. Barrientos RM, Watkins LR, Rudy JW, Maier SF. Characterization of the sickness response in young and aging rats following E. coli infection. Brain Behav Immun. 2009 May; 23(4):450-4. PMID: 19486645.
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    186. Bland ST, Hutchinson MR, Maier SF, Watkins LR, Johnson KW. The glial activation inhibitor AV411 reduces morphine-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine release. Brain Behav Immun. 2009 May; 23(4):492-7. PMID: 19486648.
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    188. Christianson JP, Benison AM, Jennings J, Sandsmark EK, Amat J, Kaufman RD, Baratta MV, Paul ED, Campeau S, Watkins LR, Barth DS, Maier SF. The sensory insular cortex mediates the stress-buffering effects of safety signals but not behavioral control. J Neurosci. 2008 Dec 10; 28(50):13703-11. PMID: 19074043.
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    189. Hughes TS, Langer SJ, Johnson KW, Chavez RA, Watkins LR, Milligan ED, Leinwand LA. Intrathecal injection of naked plasmid DNA provides long-term expression of secreted proteins. Mol Ther. 2009 Jan; 17(1):88-94. PMID: 18941439.
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    190. Hutchinson MR, Lewis SS, Coats BD, Skyba DA, Crysdale NY, Berkelhammer DL, Brzeski A, Northcutt A, Vietz CM, Judd CM, Maier SF, Watkins LR, Johnson KW. Reduction of opioid withdrawal and potentiation of acute opioid analgesia by systemic AV411 (ibudilast). Brain Behav Immun. 2009 Feb; 23(2):240-50. PMID: 18938237.
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    191. Sloane E, Ledeboer A, Seibert W, Coats B, van Strien M, Maier SF, Johnson KW, Chavez R, Watkins LR, Leinwand L, Milligan ED, Van Dam AM. Anti-inflammatory cytokine gene therapy decreases sensory and motor dysfunction in experimental Multiple Sclerosis: MOG-EAE behavioral and anatomical symptom treatment with cytokine gene therapy. Brain Behav Immun. 2009 Jan; 23(1):92-100. PMID: 18835435.
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    192. Hutchinson MR, Northcutt AL, Chao LW, Kearney JJ, Zhang Y, Berkelhammer DL, Loram LC, Rozeske RR, Bland ST, Maier SF, Gleeson TT, Watkins LR. Minocycline suppresses morphine-induced respiratory depression, suppresses morphine-induced reward, and enhances systemic morphine-induced analgesia. Brain Behav Immun. 2008 Nov; 22(8):1248-56. PMID: 18706994.
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    193. Barrientos RM, Frank MG, Hein AM, Higgins EA, Watkins LR, Rudy JW, Maier SF. Time course of hippocampal IL-1 beta and memory consolidation impairments in aging rats following peripheral infection. Brain Behav Immun. 2009 Jan; 23(1):46-54. PMID: 18664380.
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    194. Hutchinson MR, Coats BD, Lewis SS, Zhang Y, Sprunger DB, Rezvani N, Baker EM, Jekich BM, Wieseler JL, Somogyi AA, Martin D, Poole S, Judd CM, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Proinflammatory cytokines oppose opioid-induced acute and chronic analgesia. Brain Behav Immun. 2008 Nov; 22(8):1178-89. PMID: 18599265.
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    195. Hutchinson MR, Zhang Y, Brown K, Coats BD, Shridhar M, Sholar PW, Patel SJ, Crysdale NY, Harrison JA, Maier SF, Rice KC, Watkins LR. Non-stereoselective reversal of neuropathic pain by naloxone and naltrexone: involvement of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Jul; 28(1):20-9. PMID: 18662331.
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    196. Christianson JP, Paul ED, Irani M, Thompson BM, Kubala KH, Yirmiya R, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The role of prior stressor controllability and the dorsal raph? nucleus in sucrose preference and social exploration. Behav Brain Res. 2008 Nov 03; 193(1):87-93. PMID: 18554730.
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    197. Amat J, Paul E, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Activation of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex during an uncontrollable stressor reproduces both the immediate and long-term protective effects of behavioral control. Neuroscience. 2008 Jul 17; 154(4):1178-86. PMID: 18515010.
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    198. Bilbo SD, Yirmiya R, Amat J, Paul ED, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Bacterial infection early in life protects against stressor-induced depressive-like symptoms in adult rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2008 Apr; 33(3):261-9. PMID: 18164556.
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    199. Rozeske RR, Der-Avakian A, Bland ST, Beckley JT, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The medial prefrontal cortex regulates the differential expression of morphine-conditioned place preference following a single exposure to controllable or uncontrollable stress. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 Mar; 34(4):834-43. PMID: 18368036.
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    200. Baratta MV, Lucero TR, Amat J, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Role of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex in mediating behavioral control-induced reduction of later conditioned fear. Learn Mem. 2008 Feb; 15(2):84-7. PMID: 18235108.
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    203. Hein AM, Stutzman DL, Bland ST, Barrientos RM, Watkins LR, Rudy JW, Maier SF. Prostaglandins are necessary and sufficient to induce contextual fear learning impairments after interleukin-1 beta injections into the dorsal hippocampus. Neuroscience. 2007 Dec 19; 150(4):754-63. PMID: 18035502.
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    207. Kleibeuker W, Ledeboer A, Eijkelkamp N, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Zijlstra J, Heijnen CJ, Kavelaars A. A role for G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in mechanical allodynia. Eur J Neurosci. 2007 Mar; 25(6):1696-704. PMID: 17408432.
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    208. Frank MG, Der-Avakian A, Bland ST, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stress-induced glucocorticoids suppress the antisense molecular regulation of FGF-2 expression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2007 May; 32(4):376-84. PMID: 17383826.
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    209. Holguin A, Frank MG, Biedenkapp JC, Nelson K, Lippert D, Watkins LR, Rudy JW, Maier SF. Characterization of the temporo-spatial effects of chronic bilateral intrahippocampal cannulae on interleukin-1beta. J Neurosci Methods. 2007 Apr 15; 161(2):265-72. PMID: 17241670.
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    210. Der-Avakian A, Rozeske RR, Bland ST, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The effects of a single session of inescapable tailshock on the subsequent locomotor response to brief footshock and cocaine administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007 May; 191(4):899-907. PMID: 17211648.
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    211. Der-Avakian A, Bland ST, Rozeske RR, Tamblyn JP, Hutchinson MR, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The effects of a single exposure to uncontrollable stress on the subsequent conditioned place preference responses to oxycodone, cocaine, and ethanol in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007 May; 191(4):909-17. PMID: 17211647.
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    212. Schoeniger-Skinner DK, Ledeboer A, Frank MG, Milligan ED, Poole S, Martin D, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Interleukin-6 mediates low-threshold mechanical allodynia induced by intrathecal HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120. Brain Behav Immun. 2007 Jul; 21(5):660-7. PMID: 17204394.
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    213. Bland ST, Tamlyn JP, Barrientos RM, Greenwood BN, Watkins LR, Campeau S, Day HE, Maier SF. Expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus after uncontrollable or controllable stress. Neuroscience. 2007 Feb 23; 144(4):1219-28. PMID: 17197100.
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    217. Bilbo SD, Newsum NJ, Sprunger DB, Watkins LR, Rudy JW, Maier SF. Differential effects of neonatal handling on early life infection-induced alterations in cognition in adulthood. Brain Behav Immun. 2007 Mar; 21(3):332-42. PMID: 17126527.
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    220. Ledeboer A, Mahoney JH, Milligan ED, Martin D, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Spinal cord glia and interleukin-1 do not appear to mediate persistent allodynia induced by intramuscular acidic saline in rats. J Pain. 2006 Oct; 7(10):757-67. PMID: 17018336.
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    221. Wieseler-Frank J, Jekich BM, Mahoney JH, Bland ST, Maier SF, Watkins LR. A novel immune-to-CNS communication pathway: cells of the meninges surrounding the spinal cord CSF space produce proinflammatory cytokines in response to an inflammatory stimulus. Brain Behav Immun. 2007 Jul; 21(5):711-8. PMID: 16989980.
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    224. Frank MG, Barrientos RM, Biedenkapp JC, Rudy JW, Watkins LR, Maier SF. mRNA up-regulation of MHC II and pivotal pro-inflammatory genes in normal brain aging. Neurobiol Aging. 2006 May; 27(5):717-22. PMID: 15890435.
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    227. Banks WA, Watkins LR. Mediation of chronic pain: not by neurons alone. Pain. 2006 Sep; 124(1-2):1-2. PMID: 16630695.
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    249. O'Connor KA, Ginsberg AB, Maksimova E, Wieseler Frank JL, Johnson JD, Spencer RL, Campeau S, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stress-induced sensitization of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis is associated with alterations of hypothalamic and pituitary gene expression. Neuroendocrinology. 2004; 80(4):252-63. PMID: 15627803.
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    252. Milligan ED, Zapata V, Chacur M, Schoeniger D, Biedenkapp J, O'Connor KA, Verge GM, Chapman G, Green P, Foster AC, Naeve GS, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Evidence that exogenous and endogenous fractalkine can induce spinal nociceptive facilitation in rats. Eur J Neurosci. 2004 Nov; 20(9):2294-302. PMID: 15525271.
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    254. Steiner AA, Dogan MD, Ivanov AI, Patel S, Rudaya AY, Jennings DH, Orchinik M, Pace TW, O'connor KA, Watkins LR, Romanovsky AA. A new function of the leptin receptor: mediation of the recovery from lipopolysaccharide-induced hypothermia. FASEB J. 2004 Dec; 18(15):1949-51. PMID: 15388670.
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    256. Verge GM, Milligan ED, Maier SF, Watkins LR, Naeve GS, Foster AC. Fractalkine (CX3CL1) and fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) distribution in spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia under basal and neuropathic pain conditions. Eur J Neurosci. 2004 Sep; 20(5):1150-60. PMID: 15341587.
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    257. Chacur M, Guti?rrez JM, Milligan ED, Wieseler-Frank J, Britto LR, Maier SF, Watkins LR, Cury Y. Snake venom components enhance pain upon subcutaneous injection: an initial examination of spinal cord mediators. Pain. 2004 Sep; 111(1-2):65-76. PMID: 15327810.
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    258. Johnston IN, Milligan ED, Wieseler-Frank J, Frank MG, Zapata V, Campisi J, Langer S, Martin D, Green P, Fleshner M, Leinwand L, Maier SF, Watkins LR. A role for proinflammatory cytokines and fractalkine in analgesia, tolerance, and subsequent pain facilitation induced by chronic intrathecal morphine. J Neurosci. 2004 Aug 18; 24(33):7353-65. PMID: 15317861.
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    259. Takase LF, Nogueira MI, Baratta M, Bland ST, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Fornal CA, Jacobs BL. Inescapable shock activates serotonergic neurons in all raphe nuclei of rat. Behav Brain Res. 2004 Aug 12; 153(1):233-9. PMID: 15219724.
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    260. Holguin A, O'Connor KA, Biedenkapp J, Campisi J, Wieseler-Frank J, Milligan ED, Hansen MK, Spataro L, Maksimova E, Bravmann C, Martin D, Fleshner M, Maier SF, Watkins LR. HIV-1 gp120 stimulates proinflammatory cytokine-mediated pain facilitation via activation of nitric oxide synthase-I (nNOS). Pain. 2004 Aug; 110(3):517-530. PMID: 15288392.
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    261. Wieseler-Frank J, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Glial activation and pathological pain. Neurochem Int. 2004 Jul-Aug; 45(2-3):389-95. PMID: 15145553.
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    262. Twining CM, Sloane EM, Milligan ED, Chacur M, Martin D, Poole S, Marsh H, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Peri-sciatic proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and complement induce mirror-image neuropathic pain in rats. Pain. 2004 Jul; 110(1-2):299-309. PMID: 15275780.
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    263. Day HE, Greenwood BN, Hammack SE, Watkins LR, Fleshner M, Maier SF, Campeau S. Differential expression of 5HT-1A, alpha 1b adrenergic, CRF-R1, and CRF-R2 receptor mRNA in serotonergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic, and catecholaminergic cells of the rat dorsal raphe nucleus. J Comp Neurol. 2004 Jun 28; 474(3):364-78. PMID: 15174080.
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    264. O'Connor KA, Holguin A, Hansen MK, Maier SF, Watkins LR. A method for measuring multiple cytokines from small samples. Brain Behav Immun. 2004 May; 18(3):274-80. PMID: 15050654.
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    265. Hammack SE, Richey KJ, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Chemical lesion of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis blocks the behavioral consequences of uncontrollable stress. Behav Neurosci. 2004 Apr; 118(2):443-8. PMID: 15113272.
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    266. Chacur M, Milligan ED, Sloan EM, Wieseler-Frank J, Barrientos RM, Martin D, Poole S, Lomonte B, Guti?rrez JM, Maier SF, Cury Y, Watkins LR. Snake venom phospholipase A2s (Asp49 and Lys49) induce mechanical allodynia upon peri-sciatic administration: involvement of spinal cord glia, proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide. Pain. 2004 Mar; 108(1-2):180-91. PMID: 15109522.
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    267. Amat J, Tamblyn JP, Paul ED, Bland ST, Amat P, Foster AC, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Microinjection of urocortin 2 into the dorsal raphe nucleus activates serotonergic neurons and increases extracellular serotonin in the basolateral amygdala. Neuroscience. 2004; 129(3):509-19. PMID: 15541873.
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    268. Bland ST, Twining C, Schmid MJ, Der-Avakian A, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stress potentiation of morphine-induced dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens shell is dependent upon stressor uncontrollability and is mediated by the dorsal raphe nucleus. Neuroscience. 2004; 126(3):705-15. PMID: 15183519.
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    269. Johnson JD, O'Connor KA, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The role of IL-1beta in stress-induced sensitization of proinflammatory cytokine and corticosterone responses. Neuroscience. 2004; 127(3):569-77. PMID: 15283957.
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    270. Milligan ED, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Sciatic inflammatory neuropathy in the rat: surgical procedures, induction of inflammation, and behavioral testing. Methods Mol Med. 2004; 99:67-89. PMID: 15131330.
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    271. O'Connor KA, Hansen MK, Rachal Pugh C, Deak MM, Biedenkapp JC, Milligan ED, Johnson JD, Wang H, Maier SF, Tracey KJ, Watkins LR. Further characterization of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as a proinflammatory cytokine: central nervous system effects. Cytokine. 2003 Dec 21; 24(6):254-65. PMID: 14609567.
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    272. Hammack SE, Pepin JL, DesMarteau JS, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Low doses of corticotropin-releasing hormone injected into the dorsal raphe nucleus block the behavioral consequences of uncontrollable stress. Behav Brain Res. 2003 Dec 17; 147(1-2):55-64. PMID: 14659570.
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    273. Gazda LS, Smith T, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Fleshner M. Stressor exposure produces long-term reductions in antigen-specific T and B cell responses. Stress. 2003 Dec; 6(4):259-67. PMID: 14660058.
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    274. Watkins LR, Maier SF. Glia: a novel drug discovery target for clinical pain. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2003 Dec; 2(12):973-85. PMID: 14654796.
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    275. O'Connor KA, Johnson JD, Hansen MK, Wieseler Frank JL, Maksimova E, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Peripheral and central proinflammatory cytokine response to a severe acute stressor. Brain Res. 2003 Nov 21; 991(1-2):123-32. PMID: 14575884.
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    276. Dworkin RH, Backonja M, Rowbotham MC, Allen RR, Argoff CR, Bennett GJ, Bushnell MC, Farrar JT, Galer BS, Haythornthwaite JA, Hewitt DJ, Loeser JD, Max MB, Saltarelli M, Schmader KE, Stein C, Thompson D, Turk DC, Wallace MS, Watkins LR, Weinstein SM. Advances in neuropathic pain: diagnosis, mechanisms, and treatment recommendations. Arch Neurol. 2003 Nov; 60(11):1524-34. PMID: 14623723.
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    277. Will MJ, Der-Avakian A, Bland ST, Grahn RE, Hammack SE, Sparks PD, Pepin JL, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Electrolytic lesions and pharmacological inhibition of the dorsal raphe nucleus prevent stressor potentiation of morphine conditioned place preference in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Jan; 171(2):191-8. PMID: 13680080.
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    278. Bland ST, Twining C, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stressor controllability modulates stress-induced serotonin but not dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens shell. Synapse. 2003 Sep 01; 49(3):206-8. PMID: 12774305.
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    279. Brennan FX, Grahn RE, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Serum cholesterol levels and stressor controllability in rats. Physiol Behav. 2003 Sep; 79(4-5):757-60. PMID: 12954419.
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    280. Campisi J, Hansen MK, O'Connor KA, Biedenkapp JC, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Fleshner M. Circulating cytokines and endotoxin are not necessary for the activation of the sickness or corticosterone response produced by peripheral E. coli challenge. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003 Nov; 95(5):1873-82. PMID: 12871965.
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    281. Bland ST, Hargrave D, Pepin JL, Amat J, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stressor controllability modulates stress-induced dopamine and serotonin efflux and morphine-induced serotonin efflux in the medial prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2003 Sep; 28(9):1589-96. PMID: 12784102.
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    282. O'Connor KA, Johnson JD, Hammack SE, Brooks LM, Spencer RL, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Inescapable shock induces resistance to the effects of dexamethasone. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2003 May; 28(4):481-500. PMID: 12689607.
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    283. Maier SF, Watkins LR. Immune-to-central nervous system communication and its role in modulating pain and cognition: Implications for cancer and cancer treatment. Brain Behav Immun. 2003 Feb; 17 Suppl 1:S125-31. PMID: 12615198.
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    284. Milligan ED, Twining C, Chacur M, Biedenkapp J, O'Connor K, Poole S, Tracey K, Martin D, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Spinal glia and proinflammatory cytokines mediate mirror-image neuropathic pain in rats. J Neurosci. 2003 Feb 01; 23(3):1026-40. PMID: 12574433.
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    285. Hammack SE, Schmid MJ, LoPresti ML, Der-Avakian A, Pellymounter MA, Foster AC, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Corticotropin releasing hormone type 2 receptors in the dorsal raphe nucleus mediate the behavioral consequences of uncontrollable stress. J Neurosci. 2003 Feb 01; 23(3):1019-25. PMID: 12574432.
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    286. Watkins LR, Milligan ED, Maier SF. Glial proinflammatory cytokines mediate exaggerated pain states: implications for clinical pain. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2003; 521:1-21. PMID: 12617561.
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    287. Barrientos RM, Sprunger DB, Campeau S, Higgins EA, Watkins LR, Rudy JW, Maier SF. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA downregulation produced by social isolation is blocked by intrahippocampal interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Neuroscience. 2003; 121(4):847-53. PMID: 14580934.
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    288. Johnson JD, O'Connor KA, Deak T, Stark M, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Prior stressor exposure sensitizes LPS-induced cytokine production. Brain Behav Immun. 2002 Aug; 16(4):461-76. PMID: 12096891.
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    289. Johnson JD, O'Connor KA, Deak T, Spencer RL, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Prior stressor exposure primes the HPA axis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2002 Apr; 27(3):353-65. PMID: 11818171.
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    290. Will MJ, Der-Avakian A, Pepin JL, Durkan BT, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Modulation of the locomotor properties of morphine and amphetamine by uncontrollable stress. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 Jan-Feb; 71(1-2):345-51. PMID: 11812543.
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    291. Milligan ED, O'Connor KA, Armstrong CB, Hansen MK, Martin D, Tracey KJ, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Systemic administration of CNI-1493, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, blocks intrathecal human immunodeficiency virus-1 gp120-induced enhanced pain states in rats. J Pain. 2001 Dec; 2(6):326-33. PMID: 14622812.
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    292. Chacur M, Milligan ED, Gazda LS, Armstrong C, Wang H, Tracey KJ, Maier SF, Watkins LR. A new model of sciatic inflammatory neuritis (SIN): induction of unilateral and bilateral mechanical allodynia following acute unilateral peri-sciatic immune activation in rats. Pain. 2001 Dec; 94(3):231-244. PMID: 11731060.
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    293. Gazda LS, Milligan ED, Hansen MK, Twining CM, Poulos NM, Chacur M, O'Connor KA, Armstrong C, Maier SF, Watkins LR, Myers RR. Sciatic inflammatory neuritis (SIN): behavioral allodynia is paralleled by peri-sciatic proinflammatory cytokine and superoxide production. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2001 Sep; 6(3):111-29. PMID: 11817330.
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    294. Milligan ED, O'Connor KA, Nguyen KT, Armstrong CB, Twining C, Gaykema RP, Holguin A, Martin D, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Intrathecal HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 induces enhanced pain states mediated by spinal cord proinflammatory cytokines. J Neurosci. 2001 Apr 15; 21(8):2808-19. PMID: 11306633.
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    295. Hansen MK, O'Connor KA, Goehler LE, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The contribution of the vagus nerve in interleukin-1beta-induced fever is dependent on dose. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2001 Apr; 280(4):R929-34. PMID: 11247812.
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    296. Fleshner M, Deak T, Nguyen KT, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Endogenous glucocorticoids play a positive regulatory role in the anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin in vivo antibody response. J Immunol. 2001 Mar 15; 166(6):3813-9. PMID: 11238624.
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    297. Rachal Pugh C, Fleshner M, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Rudy JW. The immune system and memory consolidation: a role for the cytokine IL-1beta. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2001 Jan; 25(1):29-41. PMID: 11166076.
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    298. Hansen MK, Daniels S, Goehler LE, Gaykema RP, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy does not block intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide-induced fever. Auton Neurosci. 2000 Dec 20; 85(1-3):83-7. PMID: 11189031.
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    299. Hansen MK, Nguyen KT, Goehler LE, Gaykema RP, Fleshner M, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Effects of vagotomy on lipopolysaccharide-induced brain interleukin-1beta protein in rats. Auton Neurosci. 2000 Dec 20; 85(1-3):119-26. PMID: 11189018.
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    300. Milligan ED, Mehmert KK, Hinde JL, Harvey LO, Martin D, Tracey KJ, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia produced by intrathecal administration of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein, gp120. Brain Res. 2000 Apr 07; 861(1):105-16. PMID: 10751570.
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    301. Pugh CR, Johnson JD, Martin D, Rudy JW, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Human immunodeficiency virus-1 coat protein gp120 impairs contextual fear conditioning: a potential role in AIDS related learning and memory impairments. Brain Res. 2000 Apr 07; 861(1):8-15. PMID: 10751560.
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    302. Nguyen KT, Deak T, Will MJ, Hansen MK, Hunsaker BN, Fleshner M, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Timecourse and corticosterone sensitivity of the brain, pituitary, and serum interleukin-1beta protein response to acute stress. Brain Res. 2000 Mar 24; 859(2):193-201. PMID: 10719064.
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    303. Hansen MK, Nguyen KT, Fleshner M, Goehler LE, Gaykema RP, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Effects of vagotomy on serum endotoxin, cytokines, and corticosterone after intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000 Feb; 278(2):R331-6. PMID: 10666132.
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    304. Watkins LR, Maier SF. The pain of being sick: implications of immune-to-brain communication for understanding pain. Annu Rev Psychol. 2000; 51:29-57. PMID: 10751964.
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    305. Deak T, Nguyen KT, Cotter CS, Fleshner M, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Spencer RL. Long-term changes in mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor occupancy following exposure to an acute stressor. Brain Res. 1999 Nov 20; 847(2):211-20. PMID: 10575090.
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    306. Deak T, Nguyen KT, Fleshner M, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Acute stress may facilitate recovery from a subcutaneous bacterial challenge. Neuroimmunomodulation. 1999 Sep-Oct; 6(5):344-54. PMID: 10474053.
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    307. Milligan ED, Hinde JL, Mehmert KK, Maier SF, Watkins LR. A method for increasing the viability of the external portion of lumbar catheters placed in the spinal subarachnoid space of rats. J Neurosci Methods. 1999 Aug 01; 90(1):81-6. PMID: 10517276.
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    308. Watkins LR, Maier SF. Implications of immune-to-brain communication for sickness and pain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999 Jul 06; 96(14):7710-3. PMID: 10393885.
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    309. Grahn RE, Will MJ, Hammack SE, Maswood S, McQueen MB, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Activation of serotonin-immunoreactive cells in the dorsal raphe nucleus in rats exposed to an uncontrollable stressor. Brain Res. 1999 Apr 24; 826(1):35-43. PMID: 10216194.
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    310. Goehler LE, Gaykema RP, Nguyen KT, Lee JE, Tilders FJ, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Interleukin-1beta in immune cells of the abdominal vagus nerve: a link between the immune and nervous systems? J Neurosci. 1999 Apr 01; 19(7):2799-806. PMID: 10087091.
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    311. Grahn RE, Maswood S, McQueen MB, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Opioid-dependent effects of inescapable shock on escape behavior and conditioned fear responding are mediated by the dorsal raphe nucleus. Behav Brain Res. 1999 Mar; 99(2):153-67. PMID: 10512582.
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    312. Deak T, Nguyen KT, Ehrlich AL, Watkins LR, Spencer RL, Maier SF, Licinio J, Wong ML, Chrousos GP, Webster E, Gold PW. The impact of the nonpeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone antagonist antalarmin on behavioral and endocrine responses to stress. Endocrinology. 1999 Jan; 140(1):79-86. PMID: 9886810.
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    313. Watkins LR, Hansen MK, Nguyen KT, Lee JE, Maier SF. Dynamic regulation of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1beta: molecular biology for non-molecular biologists. Life Sci. 1999; 65(5):449-81. PMID: 10462074.
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    314. Watkins LR, Nguyen KT, Lee JE, Maier SF. Dynamic regulation of proinflammatory cytokines. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999; 461:153-78. PMID: 10442173.
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    315. Maier SF, Nguyen KT, Deak T, Milligan ED, Watkins LR. Stress, learned helplessness, and brain interleukin-1 beta. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999; 461:235-49. PMID: 10442176.
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    316. Milligan ED, Nguyen KT, Deak T, Hinde JL, Fleshner M, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The long term acute phase-like responses that follow acute stressor exposure are blocked by alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone. Brain Res. 1998 Nov 09; 810(1-2):48-58. PMID: 9813238.
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    317. Goehler LE, Gaykema RP, Hammack SE, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Interleukin-1 induces c-Fos immunoreactivity in primary afferent neurons of the vagus nerve. Brain Res. 1998 Sep 07; 804(2):306-10. PMID: 9757071.
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    318. Fleshner M, Nguyen KT, Cotter CS, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Acute stressor exposure both suppresses acquired immunity and potentiates innate immunity. Am J Physiol. 1998 09; 275(3):R870-8. PMID: 9728086.
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    319. Pugh CR, Kumagawa K, Fleshner M, Watkins LR, Maier SF, Rudy JW. Selective effects of peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration on contextual and auditory-cue fear conditioning. Brain Behav Immun. 1998 Sep; 12(3):212-29. PMID: 9769157.
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    320. Gaykema RP, Goehler LE, Tilders FJ, Bol JG, McGorry M, Fleshner M, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Bacterial endotoxin induces fos immunoreactivity in primary afferent neurons of the vagus nerve. Neuroimmunomodulation. 1998 Sep-Oct; 5(5):234-40. PMID: 9730691.
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    321. Will MJ, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Uncontrollable stress potentiates morphine's rewarding properties. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1998 Jul; 60(3):655-64. PMID: 9678649.
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    322. Fleshner M, Goehler LE, Schwartz BA, McGorry M, Martin D, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Thermogenic and corticosterone responses to intravenous cytokines (IL-1beta and TNF-alpha) are attenuated by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. J Neuroimmunol. 1998 Jun 15; 86(2):134-41. PMID: 9663558.
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    323. Maier SF, Goehler LE, Fleshner M, Watkins LR. The role of the vagus nerve in cytokine-to-brain communication. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1998 May 01; 840:289-300. PMID: 9629257.
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    324. Watkins LR, Wiertelak EP, McGorry M, Martinez J, Schwartz B, Sisk D, Maier SF. Neurocircuitry of conditioned inhibition of analgesia: effects of amygdala, dorsal raphe, ventral medullary, and spinal cord lesions on antianalgesia in the rat. Behav Neurosci. 1998 Apr; 112(2):360-78. PMID: 9588483.
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    325. Nguyen KT, Deak T, Owens SM, Kohno T, Fleshner M, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Exposure to acute stress induces brain interleukin-1beta protein in the rat. J Neurosci. 1998 Mar 15; 18(6):2239-46. PMID: 9482808.
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    326. Maswood S, Barter JE, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Exposure to inescapable but not escapable shock increases extracellular levels of 5-HT in the dorsal raphe nucleus of the rat. Brain Res. 1998 Feb 02; 783(1):115-20. PMID: 9479059.
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    327. Maier SF, Watkins LR. Cytokines for psychologists: implications of bidirectional immune-to-brain communication for understanding behavior, mood, and cognition. Psychol Rev. 1998 Jan; 105(1):83-107. PMID: 9450372.
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    328. Deak T, Meriwether JL, Fleshner M, Spencer RL, Abouhamze A, Moldawer LL, Grahn RE, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Evidence that brief stress may induce the acute phase response in rats. Am J Physiol. 1997 12; 273(6):R1998-2004. PMID: 9435654.
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    329. Sutton LC, Lea SE, Will MJ, Schwartz BA, Hartley CE, Poole JC, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Inescapable shock-induced potentiation of morphine analgesia. Behav Neurosci. 1997 Oct; 111(5):1105-13. PMID: 9383528.
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    330. Milligan ED, McGorry MM, Fleshner M, Gaykema RP, Goehler LE, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Subdiaphragmatic vagotomy does not prevent fever following intracerebroventricular prostaglandin E2: further evidence for the importance of vagal afferents in immune-to-brain communication. Brain Res. 1997 Aug 22; 766(1-2):240-3. PMID: 9359608.
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    331. Sutton LC, Grahn RE, Wiertelak EP, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Inescapable shock-induced potentiation of morphine analgesia in rats: involvement of opioid, GABAergic, and serotonergic mechanisms in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Behav Neurosci. 1997 Aug; 111(4):816-24. PMID: 9267659.
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    332. Watkins LR, McGorry M, Schwartz B, Sisk D, Wiertelak EP, Maier SF. Reversal of spinal cord non-opiate analgesia by conditioned anti-analgesia in the rat. Pain. 1997 Jul; 71(3):237-47. PMID: 9231866.
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    333. Watkins LR, Martin D, Ulrich P, Tracey KJ, Maier SF. Evidence for the involvement of spinal cord glia in subcutaneous formalin induced hyperalgesia in the rat. Pain. 1997 Jul; 71(3):225-35. PMID: 9231865.
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    334. Goehler LE, Relton JK, Dripps D, Kiechle R, Tartaglia N, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Vagal paraganglia bind biotinylated interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: a possible mechanism for immune-to-brain communication. Brain Res Bull. 1997; 43(3):357-64. PMID: 9227848.
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    335. Fleshner M, Silbert L, Deak T, Goehler LE, Martin D, Watkins LR, Maier SF. TNF-alpha-induced corticosterone elevation but not serum protein or corticosteroid binding globulin reduction is vagally mediated. Brain Res Bull. 1997; 44(6):701-6. PMID: 9421133.
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    336. Brennan FX, Cobb CL, Silbert LH, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Peripheral beta-adrenoreceptors and stress-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Physiol Behav. 1996 Nov; 60(5):1307-10. PMID: 8916186.
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    337. Fleshner M, Brennan FX, Nguyen K, Watkins LR, Maier SF. RU-486 blocks differentially suppressive effect of stress on in vivo anti-KLH immunoglobulin response. Am J Physiol. 1996 Nov; 271(5 Pt 2):R1344-52. PMID: 8945973.
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    338. Fleshner M, Deak T, Spencer RL, Laudenslager ML, Watkins LR, Maier SF. A long-term increase in basal levels of corticosterone and a decrease in corticosteroid-binding globulin after acute stressor exposure. Endocrinology. 1995 Dec; 136(12):5336-42. PMID: 7588279.
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    339. Watkins LR, Maier SF, Goehler LE. Immune activation: the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines in inflammation, illness responses and pathological pain states. Pain. 1995 Dec; 63(3):289-302. PMID: 8719529.
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    340. Grahn RE, Kalman BA, Brennan FX, Watkins LR, Maier SF. The elevated plus-maze is not sensitive to the effect of stressor controllability in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1995 Nov; 52(3):565-70. PMID: 8545475.
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    341. Maier SF, Watkins LR. Intracerebroventricular interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks the enhancement of fear conditioning and interference with escape produced by inescapable shock. Brain Res. 1995 Oct 16; 695(2):279-82. PMID: 8556346.
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    342. Watkins LR, Goehler LE, Relton J, Brewer MT, Maier SF. Mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) hyperalgesia. Brain Res. 1995 Sep 18; 692(1-2):244-50. PMID: 8548310.
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    343. Maier SF, Grahn RE, Maswood S, Watkins LR. The benzodiazepine receptor antagonists flumazenil and CGS8216 block the enhancement of fear conditioning and interference with escape behavior produced by inescapable shock. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1995 Sep; 121(2):250-8. PMID: 8545531.
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    344. Maier SF, Busch CR, Maswood S, Grahn RE, Watkins LR. The dorsal raphe nucleus is a site of action mediating the behavioral effects of the benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist DMCM. Behav Neurosci. 1995 Aug; 109(4):759-66. PMID: 7576219.
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    345. Maier SF, Grahn RE, Watkins LR. 8-OH-DPAT microinjected in the region of the dorsal raphe nucleus blocks and reverses the enhancement of fear conditioning and interference with escape produced by exposure to inescapable shock. Behav Neurosci. 1995 Jun; 109(3):404-12. PMID: 7662151.
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    346. Fleshner M, Hermann J, Lockwood LL, Laudenslager ML, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stressed rats fail to expand the CD45RC+CD4+ (Th1-like) T cell subset in response to KLH: possible involvement of IFN-gamma. Brain Behav Immun. 1995 Jun; 9(2):101-12. PMID: 7549034.
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    347. Goehler LE, Busch CR, Tartaglia N, Relton J, Sisk D, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Blockade of cytokine induced conditioned taste aversion by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy: further evidence for vagal mediation of immune-brain communication. Neurosci Lett. 1995 Feb 13; 185(3):163-6. PMID: 7753482.
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    348. Watkins LR, Goehler LE, Relton JK, Tartaglia N, Silbert L, Martin D, Maier SF. Blockade of interleukin-1 induced hyperthermia by subdiaphragmatic vagotomy: evidence for vagal mediation of immune-brain communication. Neurosci Lett. 1995 Jan 02; 183(1-2):27-31. PMID: 7746479.
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    349. Fleshner M, Goehler LE, Hermann J, Relton JK, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Interleukin-1 beta induced corticosterone elevation and hypothalamic NE depletion is vagally mediated. Brain Res Bull. 1995; 37(6):605-10. PMID: 7670884.
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    350. Watkins LR, Maier SF, Goehler LE. Cytokine-to-brain communication: a review & analysis of alternative mechanisms. Life Sci. 1995; 57(11):1011-26. PMID: 7658909.
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    351. Fleshner M, Bellgrau D, Watkins LR, Laudenslager ML, Maier SF. Stress-induced reduction in the rat mixed lymphocyte reaction is due to macrophages and not to changes in T cell phenotypes. J Neuroimmunol. 1995 Jan; 56(1):45-52. PMID: 7822481.
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    352. Grisel JE, Wiertelak EP, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Route of morphine administration modulates conditioned analgesic tolerance and hyperalgesia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1994 Dec; 49(4):1029-35. PMID: 7886072.
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    353. Maier SF, Watkins LR, Fleshner M. Psychoneuroimmunology. The interface between behavior, brain, and immunity. Am Psychol. 1994 Dec; 49(12):1004-17. PMID: 7818221.
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    354. Watkins LR, Wiertelak EP, Furness LE, Maier SF. Illness-induced hyperalgesia is mediated by spinal neuropeptides and excitatory amino acids. Brain Res. 1994 Nov 21; 664(1-2):17-24. PMID: 7534600.
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    355. Sutton LC, Fleshner M, Mazzeo R, Maier SF, Watkins LR. A permissive role of corticosterone in an opioid form of stress-induced analgesia: blockade of opiate analgesia is not due to stress-induced hormone release. Brain Res. 1994 Nov 07; 663(1):19-29. PMID: 7850467.
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    356. Watkins LR, Wiertelak EP, Goehler LE, Smith KP, Martin D, Maier SF. Characterization of cytokine-induced hyperalgesia. Brain Res. 1994 Aug 15; 654(1):15-26. PMID: 7982088.
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    357. Brett B, Di S, Watkins L, Barth DS. A horseradish peroxidase study of parallel thalamocortical projections responsible for the generation of mid-latency auditory-evoked potentials. Brain Res. 1994 May 30; 647(1):65-75. PMID: 8069706.
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    358. Watkins LR, Wiertelak EP, Goehler LE, Mooney-Heiberger K, Martinez J, Furness L, Smith KP, Maier SF. Neurocircuitry of illness-induced hyperalgesia. Brain Res. 1994 Mar 14; 639(2):283-99. PMID: 8205482.
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    359. Lockwood LL, Silbert LH, Fleshner M, Laudenslager ML, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Morphine-induced decreases in in vivo antibody responses. Brain Behav Immun. 1994 Mar; 8(1):24-36. PMID: 8003769.
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    360. Wicrtelak EP, Smith KP, Furness L, Mooney-Heiberger K, Mayr T, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Acute and conditioned hyperalgesic responses to illness. Pain. 1994 Feb; 56(2):227-234. PMID: 8008412.
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    361. Fleshner M, Brohm MM, Laudenslager ML, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Modulation of the in vivo antibody response by a benzodiazepine inverse agonist (DMCM) administered centrally or peripherally. Physiol Behav. 1993 Dec; 54(6):1149-54. PMID: 8295955.
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    362. Maier SF, Wiertelak EP, Martin D, Watkins LR. Interleukin-1 mediates the behavioral hyperalgesia produced by lithium chloride and endotoxin. Brain Res. 1993 Oct 01; 623(2):321-4. PMID: 8221116.
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    363. Lockwood LL, Silbert LH, Laudenslager ML, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Anesthesia-induced modulation of in vivo antibody levels: a study of pentobarbital, chloral hydrate, methoxyflurane, halothane, and ketamine/xylazine. Anesth Analg. 1993 Oct; 77(4):769-74. PMID: 8214663.
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    364. Grisel JE, Fleshner M, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Opioid and nonopioid interactions in two forms of stress-induced analgesia. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1993 May; 45(1):161-72. PMID: 8516354.
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    365. Watkins LR, Wiertelak EP, Maier SF. The amygdala is necessary for the expression of conditioned but not unconditioned analgesia. Behav Neurosci. 1993 Apr; 107(2):402-5. PMID: 8484903.
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    366. Maier SF, Grahn RE, Kalman BA, Sutton LC, Wiertelak EP, Watkins LR. The role of the amygdala and dorsal raphe nucleus in mediating the behavioral consequences of inescapable shock. Behav Neurosci. 1993 Apr; 107(2):377-88. PMID: 8484901.
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    367. Fleshner M, Watkins LR, Lockwood LL, Grahn RE, Gerhardt G, Meaney MJ, Laudenslager ML, Maier SF. Blockade of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to stress by intraventricular injection of dexamethasone: a method for studying the stress-induced peripheral effects of glucocorticoids. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 1993; 18(4):251-63. PMID: 8391148.
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    368. Fleshner M, Watkins LR, Lockwood LL, Bellgrau D, Laudenslager ML, Maier SF. Specific changes in lymphocyte subpopulations: a potential mechanism for stress-induced immunomodulation. J Neuroimmunol. 1992 Dec; 41(2):131-42. PMID: 1469075.
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    369. Watkins LR, Wiertelak EP, Grisel JE, Silbert LH, Maier SF. Parallel activation of multiple spinal opiate systems appears to mediate 'non-opiate' stress-induced analgesias. Brain Res. 1992 Oct 23; 594(1):99-108. PMID: 1334766.
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    370. Douglass DK, Carstens E, Watkins LR. Spatial summation in human thermal pain perception: comparison within and between dermatomes. Pain. 1992 Aug; 50(2):197-202. PMID: 1408316.
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    371. Watkins LR, Wiertelak EP, Maier SF. Delta opiate receptors mediate tail-shock induced antinociception at supraspinal levels. Brain Res. 1992 Jun 05; 582(1):10-21. PMID: 1323369.
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    372. Watkins LR, Wiertelak EP, Maier SF. Kappa opiate receptors mediate tail-shock induced antinociception at spinal levels. Brain Res. 1992 Jun 05; 582(1):1-9. PMID: 1354010.
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    373. Wiertelak EP, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Cholecystokinin antianalgesia: safety cues abolish morphine analgesia. Science. 1992 May 08; 256(5058):830-3. PMID: 1589765.
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    374. Brennan FX, Job RF, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Total plasma cholesterol levels of rats are increased following only three sessions of tailshock. Life Sci. 1992; 50(13):945-50. PMID: 1548978.
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    375. Fleshner M, Watkins LR, Redd JM, Kruse CA, Bellgrau D. A 9L gliosarcoma transplantation model for studying adoptive immunotherapy into the brains of conscious rats. Cell Transplant. 1992; 1(4):307-12. PMID: 1344303.
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    376. Campbell IG, Carstens E, Watkins LR. Comparison of human pain sensation and flexion withdrawal evoked by noxious radiant heat. Pain. 1991 Jun; 45(3):259-268. PMID: 1876435.
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    377. Watkins LR, Thurston CL, Fleshner M. Phenylephrine-induced antinociception: investigations of potential neural and endocrine bases. Brain Res. 1990 Oct 01; 528(2):273-84. PMID: 2271928.
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    378. Mirowski M, Reid PR, Mower MM, Watkins L, Platia EV, Griffith LS, Juanteguy JM. Clinical experience with the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1984; 427:297-306. PMID: 6588898.
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    379. Mirowski M, Mower MM, Reid PR, Watkins L. Implantable automatic defibrillators: their potential in prevention of sudden coronary death. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1982; 382:371-80. PMID: 6952806.
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