Colorado PROFILES, The Colorado Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute (CCTSI)
Keywords
Last Name
Institution

Contact Us
If you have any questions or feedback please contact us.

Brigitte I Frohnert

TitleAssociate Professor
InstitutionUniversity of Colorado Denver - Anschutz Medical Campus
DepartmentSOM-BDC Pediatric
ORCID ORCID Icon0000-0002-6636-4048 Additional info

    Collapse Overview 

    Collapse Research 
    Collapse research activities and funding
    R21AR084040     (FROHNERT, BRIGITTE I)Sep 22, 2023 - Aug 31, 2025
    NIH
    Pediatric Autoimmune Consortium for Exposome Research (PACER)
    Role: Principal Investigator

    Collapse Bibliographic 
    Collapse selected publications
    Publications listed below are automatically derived from MEDLINE/PubMed and other sources, which might result in incorrect or missing publications. Faculty can login to make corrections and additions.
    List All   |   Timeline
    1. O'Donnell HK, Rasmussen CG, Dong F, Simmons KM, Steck AK, Frohnert BI, Bautista K, Rewers MJ, Baxter J. Anxiety and Risk Perception in Parents of Children Identified by Population Screening as High Risk for Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2023 Dec 01; 46(12):2155-2161. PMID: 37673098.
      View in: PubMed
    2. Simmons KMW, Frohnert BI, O'Donnell HK, Bautista K, Geno Rasmussen C, Gerard Gonzalez A, Steck AK, Rewers MJ. Historical Insights and Current Perspectives on the Diagnosis and Management of Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2023 11; 25(11):790-799. PMID: 37695674.
      View in: PubMed
    3. Frohnert BI, Ghalwash M, Li Y, Ng K, Dunne JL, Lundgren M, Hagopian W, Lou O, Winkler C, Toppari J, Veijola R, Anand V. Refining the Definition of Stage 1 Type 1 Diabetes: An Ontology-Driven Analysis of the Heterogeneity of Multiple Islet Autoimmunity. Diabetes Care. 2023 10 01; 46(10):1753-1761. PMID: 36862942.
      View in: PubMed
    4. Nakayasu ES, Bramer LM, Ansong C, Schepmoes AA, Fillmore TL, Gritsenko MA, Clauss TR, Gao Y, Piehowski PD, Stanfill BA, Engel DW, Orton DJ, Moore RJ, Qian WJ, Sechi S, Frohnert BI, Toppari J, Ziegler AG, Lernmark ?, Hagopian W, Akolkar B, Smith RD, Rewers MJ, Webb-Robertson BM, Metz TO. Plasma protein biomarkers predict the development of persistent autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes 6?months prior to the onset of autoimmunity. Cell Rep Med. 2023 07 18; 4(7):101093. PMID: 37390828.
      View in: PubMed
    5. Alonso GT, Triolo TM, Akturk HK, Pauley ME, Sobczak M, Forlenza GP, Sakamoto C, Pyle L, Frohnert BI. Increased Technology Use Associated With Lower A1C in a Large Pediatric Clinical Population. Diabetes Care. 2023 06 01; 46(6):1218-1222. PMID: 37023293.
      View in: PubMed
    6. Buckner T, Johnson RK, Vanderlinden LA, Carry PM, Romero A, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Chen WM, Kim S, Fiehn O, Frohnert BI, Crume T, Perng W, Kechris K, Rewers M, Norris JM. Genome-wide analysis of oxylipins and oxylipin profiles in a pediatric population. Front Nutr. 2023; 10:1040993. PMID: 37057071.
      View in: PubMed
    7. Buckner T, Johnson RK, Vanderlinden LA, Carry PM, Romero A, Onengut-Gumuscu S, Chen WM, Fiehn O, Frohnert BI, Crume T, Perng W, Kechris K, Rewers M, Norris JM. An Oxylipin-Related Nutrient Pattern and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY). Nutrients. 2023 Feb 14; 15(4). PMID: 36839302.
      View in: PubMed
    8. Frost HM, Geno Rasmussen C, Shorrosh H, Pyle L, Bautista K, Frohnert BI, Stahl M, Simmons K, Steck AK, Jia X, Yu L, Rewers M. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies Among Healthy Children From Colorado From 2020 to 2021: A Brief Report. J Prim Care Community Health. 2023 Jan-Dec; 14:21501319231189147. PMID: 37501515.
      View in: PubMed
    9. Kwon BC, Achenbach P, Anand V, Frohnert BI, Hagopian W, Hu J, Koski E, Lernmark ?, Lou O, Martin F, Ng K, Toppari J, Veijola R. Islet Autoantibody Levels Differentiate Progression Trajectories in Individuals With Presymptomatic Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes. 2022 Dec 01; 71(12):2632-2641. PMID: 36112006.
      View in: PubMed
    10. Ng K, Anand V, Stavropoulos H, Veijola R, Toppari J, Maziarz M, Lundgren M, Waugh K, Frohnert BI, Martin F, Lou O, Hagopian W, Achenbach P. Quantifying the utility of islet autoantibody levels in the prediction of type 1 diabetes in children. Diabetologia. 2023 01; 66(1):93-104. PMID: 36195673.
      View in: PubMed
    11. Karpen SR, Dunne JL, Frohnert BI, Marinac M, Richard C, David SE, O'Doherty IM. Consortium-based approach to receiving an EMA qualification opinion on the use of islet autoantibodies as enrichment biomarkers in type 1 diabetes clinical studies. Diabetologia. 2023 03; 66(3):415-424. PMID: 35867129.
      View in: PubMed
    12. Webb-Robertson BM, Nakayasu ES, Frohnert BI, Bramer LM, Akers SM, Norris JM, Vehik K, Ziegler AG, Metz TO, Rich SS, Rewers MJ. Integration of Infant Metabolite, Genetic, and Islet Autoimmunity Signatures to Predict Type 1 Diabetes by Age 6 Years. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 07 14; 107(8):2329-2338. PMID: 35468213.
      View in: PubMed
    13. He L, Jia X, Rasmussen CG, Waugh K, Miao D, Dong F, Frohnert B, Steck AK, Simmons KM, Rewers M, Yu L. High-Throughput Multiplex Electrochemiluminescence Assay Applicable to General Population Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2022 07; 24(7):502-509. PMID: 35238620.
      View in: PubMed
    14. Kwon BC, Anand V, Achenbach P, Dunne JL, Hagopian W, Hu J, Koski E, Lernmark ?, Lundgren M, Ng K, Toppari J, Veijola R, Frohnert BI. Progression of type 1 diabetes from latency to symptomatic disease is predicted by distinct autoimmune trajectories. Nat Commun. 2022 03 21; 13(1):1514. PMID: 35314671.
      View in: PubMed
    15. Li Z, Toppari J, Lundgren M, Frohnert BI, Achenbach P, Veijola R, Anand V. Imputing Longitudinal Growth Data in International Pediatric Studies: Does CDC Reference Suffice? AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2021; 2021:754-762. PMID: 35308906.
      View in: PubMed
    16. Steck AK, Dong F, Geno Rasmussen C, Bautista K, Sepulveda F, Baxter J, Yu L, Frohnert BI, Rewers MJ. CGM Metrics Predict Imminent Progression to Type 1 Diabetes: Autoimmunity Screening for Kids (ASK) Study. Diabetes Care. 2022 02 01; 45(2):365-371. PMID: 34880069.
      View in: PubMed
    17. Ng K, Stavropoulos H, Anand V, Veijola R, Toppari J, Maziarz M, Lundgren M, Waugh K, Frohnert BI, Martin F, Hagopian W, Achenbach P. Islet Autoantibody Type-Specific Titer Thresholds Improve Stratification of Risk of Progression to Type 1 Diabetes in Children. Diabetes Care. 2022 01 01; 45(1):160-168. PMID: 34758977.
      View in: PubMed
    18. Kwon BC, Anand V, Severson KA, Ghosh S, Sun Z, Frohnert BI, Lundgren M, Ng K. DPVis: Visual Analytics With Hidden Markov Models for Disease Progression Pathways. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph. 2021 09; 27(9):3685-3700. PMID: 32275600.
      View in: PubMed
    19. Nakayasu ES, Gritsenko M, Piehowski PD, Gao Y, Orton DJ, Schepmoes AA, Fillmore TL, Frohnert BI, Rewers M, Krischer JP, Ansong C, Suchy-Dicey AM, Evans-Molina C, Qian WJ, Webb-Robertson BM, Metz TO. Tutorial: best practices and considerations for mass-spectrometry-based protein biomarker discovery and validation. Nat Protoc. 2021 08; 16(8):3737-3760. PMID: 34244696.
      View in: PubMed
    20. Anand V, Li Y, Liu B, Ghalwash M, Koski E, Ng K, Dunne JL, J?nsson J, Winkler C, Knip M, Toppari J, Ilonen J, Killian MB, Frohnert BI, Lundgren M, Ziegler AG, Hagopian W, Veijola R, Rewers M. Islet Autoimmunity and HLA Markers of Presymptomatic and Clinical Type 1 Diabetes: Joint Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies in Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the U.S. Diabetes Care. 2021 Jun 23. PMID: 34162665.
      View in: PubMed
    21. Buckner T, Vanderlinden LA, DeFelice BC, Carry PM, Kechris K, Dong F, Fiehn O, Frohnert BI, Clare-Salzler M, Rewers M, Norris JM. The oxylipin profile is associated with development of type 1 diabetes: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY). Diabetologia. 2021 08; 64(8):1785-1794. PMID: 33893822.
      View in: PubMed
    22. Rydin AA, Spiegel G, Frohnert BI, Kaess A, Oswald L, Owen D, Simmons KM. Medical management of children with type 1 diabetes on low-carbohydrate or ketogenic diets. Pediatr Diabetes. 2021 05; 22(3):448-454. PMID: 33470021.
      View in: PubMed
    23. Kwon BC, Achenbach P, Dunne JL, Hagopian W, Lundgren M, Ng K, Veijola R, Frohnert BI, Anand V. Modeling Disease Progression Trajectories from Longitudinal Observational Data. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2020; 2020:668-676. PMID: 33936441.
      View in: PubMed
    24. Stahl MG, Geno Rasmussen C, Dong F, Waugh K, Norris JM, Baxter J, Yu L, Steck AK, Frohnert BI, Liu E, Rewers MJ. Mass Screening for Celiac Disease: The Autoimmunity Screening for Kids Study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 01 01; 116(1):180-187. PMID: 32701732.
      View in: PubMed
    25. Onengut-Gumuscu S, Paila U, Chen WM, Ratan A, Zhu Z, Steck AK, Frohnert BI, Waugh KC, Webb-Robertson BM, Norris JM, Lange LA, Rewers MJ, Rich SS. Novel genetic risk factors influence progression of islet autoimmunity to type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep. 2020 11 05; 10(1):19193. PMID: 33154504.
      View in: PubMed
    26. Webb-Robertson BM, Bramer LM, Stanfill BA, Reehl SM, Nakayasu ES, Metz TO, Frohnert BI, Norris JM, Johnson RK, Rich SS, Rewers MJ. Prediction of the development of islet autoantibodies through integration of environmental, genetic, and metabolic markers. J Diabetes. 2021 Feb; 13(2):143-153. PMID: 33124145.
      View in: PubMed
    27. Gardner JA, Johnson RK, Dong F, Hoffman M, Steck AK, Frohnert BI, Rewers M, Norris JM. Gluten intake and risk of thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study In the Young (DAISY). Endocrine. 2020 11; 70(2):331-337. PMID: 32651851.
      View in: PubMed
    28. Cree-Green M, Carreau AM, Davis SM, Frohnert BI, Kaar JL, Ma NS, Nokoff NJ, Reusch JEB, Simon SL, Nadeau KJ. Peer mentoring for professional and personal growth in academic medicine. J Investig Med. 2020 08; 68(6):1128-1134. PMID: 32641352.
      View in: PubMed
    29. McQueen RB, Geno Rasmussen C, Waugh K, Frohnert BI, Steck AK, Yu L, Baxter J, Rewers M. Cost and Cost-effectiveness of Large-scale Screening for Type 1 Diabetes in Colorado. Diabetes Care. 2020 07; 43(7):1496-1503. PMID: 32327420.
      View in: PubMed
    30. Halper-Stromberg E, Gallo T, Champakanath A, Taki I, Rewers M, Snell-Bergeon J, Frohnert BI, Shah VN. Bone Mineral Density across the Lifespan in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 03 01; 105(3). PMID: 31676897.
      View in: PubMed
    31. Carry PM, Vanderlinden LA, Johnson RK, Dong F, Steck AK, Frohnert BI, Rewers M, Yang IV, Kechris K, Norris JM. DNA methylation near the INS gene is associated with INS genetic variation (rs689) and type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young. Pediatr Diabetes. 2020 06; 21(4):597-605. PMID: 32061050.
      View in: PubMed
    32. Johnson RK, Vanderlinden LA, Dong F, Carry PM, Seifert J, Waugh K, Shorrosh H, Fingerlin T, Frohnert BI, Yang IV, Kechris K, Rewers M, Norris JM. Longitudinal DNA methylation differences precede type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep. 2020 02 28; 10(1):3721. PMID: 32111940.
      View in: PubMed
    33. Berget C, Messer LH, Vigers T, Frohnert BI, Pyle L, Wadwa RP, Driscoll KA, Forlenza GP. Six months of hybrid closed loop in the real-world: An evaluation of children and young adults using the 670G system. Pediatr Diabetes. 2020 03; 21(2):310-318. PMID: 31837064.
      View in: PubMed
    34. Frohnert BI, Webb-Robertson BJ, Bramer LM, Reehl SM, Waugh K, Steck AK, Norris JM, Rewers M. Predictive Modeling of Type 1 Diabetes Stages Using Disparate Data Sources. Diabetes. 2020 02; 69(2):238-248. PMID: 31740441.
      View in: PubMed
    35. Steck AK, Dong F, Taki I, Hoffman M, Simmons K, Frohnert BI, Rewers MJ. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Predicts Progression to Diabetes in Autoantibody Positive Children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 08 01; 104(8):3337-3344. PMID: 30844073.
      View in: PubMed
    36. Beyerlein A, Bonifacio E, Vehik K, Hippich M, Winkler C, Frohnert BI, Steck AK, Hagopian WA, Krischer JP, Lernmark ?, Rewers MJ, She JX, Toppari J, Akolkar B, Rich SS, Ziegler AG. Progression from islet autoimmunity to clinical type 1 diabetes is influenced by genetic factors: results from the prospective TEDDY study. J Med Genet. 2019 09; 56(9):602-605. PMID: 30287597.
      View in: PubMed
    37. Bonifacio E, Beyerlein A, Hippich M, Winkler C, Vehik K, Weedon MN, Laimighofer M, Hattersley AT, Krumsiek J, Frohnert BI, Steck AK, Hagopian WA, Krischer JP, Lernmark ?, Rewers MJ, She JX, Toppari J, Akolkar B, Oram RA, Rich SS, Ziegler AG. Genetic scores to stratify risk of developing multiple islet autoantibodies and type 1 diabetes: A prospective study in children. PLoS Med. 2018 04; 15(4):e1002548. PMID: 29614081.
      View in: PubMed
    38. Steck AK, Dong F, Frohnert BI, Waugh K, Hoffman M, Norris JM, Rewers MJ. Predicting progression to diabetes in islet autoantibody positive children. J Autoimmun. 2018 06; 90:59-63. PMID: 29395739.
      View in: PubMed
    39. Sharma A, Liu X, Hadley D, Hagopian W, Chen WM, Onengut-Gumuscu S, T?rn C, Steck AK, Frohnert BI, Rewers M, Ziegler AG, Lernmark ?, Toppari J, Krischer JP, Akolkar B, Rich SS, She JX. Identification of non-HLA genes associated with development of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in the prospective TEDDY cohort. J Autoimmun. 2018 05; 89:90-100. PMID: 29310926.
      View in: PubMed
    40. Frohnert BI, Laimighofer M, Krumsiek J, Theis FJ, Winkler C, Norris JM, Ziegler AG, Rewers MJ, Steck AK. Prediction of type 1 diabetes using a genetic risk model in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 03; 19(2):277-283. PMID: 28695611.
      View in: PubMed
    41. Alonso GT, Pyle L, Frohnert B. Change in hemoglobin A1c one year following the 2014 American Diabetes Association guideline update. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017 Jul; 129:169-172. PMID: 28528078.
      View in: PubMed
    42. Waugh K, Snell-Bergeon J, Michels A, Dong F, Steck AK, Frohnert BI, Norris JM, Rewers M. Increased inflammation is associated with islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY). PLoS One. 2017; 12(4):e0174840. PMID: 28380011.
      View in: PubMed
    43. Frohnert BI, Ide L, Dong F, Bar?n AE, Steck AK, Norris JM, Rewers MJ. Late-onset islet autoimmunity in childhood: the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study in the Young (DAISY). Diabetologia. 2017 06; 60(6):998-1006. PMID: 28314946.
      View in: PubMed
    44. Liu E, Dong F, Bar?n AE, Taki I, Norris JM, Frohnert BI, Hoffenberg EJ, Rewers M. High Incidence of Celiac Disease in a Long-term Study of Adolescents With Susceptibility Genotypes. Gastroenterology. 2017 05; 152(6):1329-1336.e1. PMID: 28188747.
      View in: PubMed
    45. Steck AK, Dong F, Waugh K, Frohnert BI, Yu L, Norris JM, Rewers MJ. Predictors of slow progression to diabetes in children with multiple islet autoantibodies. J Autoimmun. 2016 08; 72:113-7. PMID: 27255734.
      View in: PubMed
    46. Jahansouz C, Serrot FJ, Frohnert BI, Foncea RE, Dorman RB, Slusarek B, Leslie DB, Bernlohr DA, Ikramuddin S. Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Acutely Decreases Protein Carbonylation and Increases Expression of Mitochondrial Biogenesis Genes in Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue. Obes Surg. 2015 Dec; 25(12):2376-85. PMID: 25975200.
      View in: PubMed
    47. Simmons KM, McFann K, Taki I, Liu E, Klingensmith GJ, Rewers MJ, Frohnert BI. Reduced Bone Mineral Density Is Associated with Celiac Disease Autoimmunity in Children with Type 1 Diabetes. J Pediatr. 2016 Feb; 169:44-8.e1. PMID: 26561381.
      View in: PubMed
    48. Frohnert BI, Rewers MJ. Metabolomics in childhood diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016 Feb; 17(1):3-14. PMID: 26420304.
      View in: PubMed
    49. Frohnert BI, Alonso GT. Challenges in Delivering Smaller Doses of Insulin. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2015 Sep; 17(9):597-9. PMID: 26317878.
      View in: PubMed
    50. Chahla SE, Frohnert BI, Thomas W, Kelly AS, Nathan BM, Polgreen LE. Higher daily physical activity is associated with higher osteocalcin levels in adolescents. Prev Med Rep. 2015; 2:568-571. PMID: 26236583.
      View in: PubMed
    51. Frohnert BI, Bernlohr DA. Glutathionylated products of lipid peroxidation: A novel mechanism of adipocyte to macrophage signaling. Adipocyte. 2014 Jul 01; 3(3):224-9. PMID: 25068091.
      View in: PubMed
    52. Frohnert BI, Long EK, Hahn WS, Bernlohr DA. Glutathionylated lipid aldehydes are products of adipocyte oxidative stress and activators of macrophage inflammation. Diabetes. 2014 Jan; 63(1):89-100. PMID: 24062247.
      View in: PubMed
    53. Khan KM, Sarafoglou K, Somani A, Frohnert B, Miller BS. Can ultrasound be used to estimate bone mineral density in children with growth problems? Acta Paediatr. 2013 Sep; 102(9):e407-12. PMID: 23750846.
      View in: PubMed
    54. Frohnert BI, Jacobs DR, Steinberger J, Moran A, Steffen LM, Sinaiko AR. Relation between serum free fatty acids and adiposity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk factors from adolescence to adulthood. Diabetes. 2013 Sep; 62(9):3163-9. PMID: 23670973.
      View in: PubMed
    55. Frohnert BI, Bernlohr DA. Protein carbonylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and insulin resistance. Adv Nutr. 2013 Mar 01; 4(2):157-63. PMID: 23493532.
      View in: PubMed
    56. Petryk A, Baker KS, Frohnert B, Moran A, Chow L, Sinaiko AR, Steffen LM, Perkins JL, Zhang L, Hodges JS, Steinberger J. Blunted response to a growth hormone stimulation test is associated with unfavorable cardiovascular risk factor profile in childhood cancer survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2013 Mar; 60(3):467-73. PMID: 23002034.
      View in: PubMed
    57. Gottlieb PA, Yu L, Babu S, Wenzlau J, Bellin M, Frohnert BI, Moran A. No relation between cystic fibrosis-related diabetes and type 1 diabetes autoimmunity. Diabetes Care. 2012 Aug; 35(8):e57. PMID: 22826450.
      View in: PubMed
    58. Frohnert BI, Sinaiko AR, Serrot FJ, Foncea RE, Moran A, Ikramuddin S, Choudry U, Bernlohr DA. Increased adipose protein carbonylation in human obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011 Sep; 19(9):1735-41. PMID: 21593812.
      View in: PubMed
    59. Frohnert BI, Ode KL, Moran A, Nathan BM, Laguna T, Holme B, Thomas W. Impaired fasting glucose in cystic fibrosis. Diabetes Care. 2010 Dec; 33(12):2660-4. PMID: 21115768.
      View in: PubMed
    60. Ode KL, Frohnert B, Laguna T, Phillips J, Holme B, Regelmann W, Thomas W, Moran A. Oral glucose tolerance testing in children with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Diabetes. 2010 Nov; 11(7):487-92. PMID: 20202149.
      View in: PubMed
    61. Ode KL, Frohnert BI, Nathan BM. Identification and treatment of metabolic complications in pediatric obesity. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2009 Sep; 10(3):167-88. PMID: 19809879.
      View in: PubMed
    62. Frohnert BI, Bernlohr DA. Regulation of fatty acid transporters in mammalian cells. Prog Lipid Res. 2000 Jan; 39(1):83-107. PMID: 10729608.
      View in: PubMed
    63. Coe NR, Smith AJ, Frohnert BI, Watkins PA, Bernlohr DA. The fatty acid transport protein (FATP1) is a very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase. J Biol Chem. 1999 Dec 17; 274(51):36300-4. PMID: 10593920.
      View in: PubMed
    64. Frohnert BI, Hui TY, Bernlohr DA. Identification of a functional peroxisome proliferator-responsive element in the murine fatty acid transport protein gene. J Biol Chem. 1999 Feb 12; 274(7):3970-7. PMID: 9933587.
      View in: PubMed
    65. Hui TY, Frohnert BI, Smith AJ, Schaffer JE, Bernlohr DA. Characterization of the murine fatty acid transport protein gene and its insulin response sequence. J Biol Chem. 1998 Oct 16; 273(42):27420-9. PMID: 9765271.
      View in: PubMed
    Frohnert's Networks
    Click the "See All" links for more information and interactive visualizations!
    Concepts Expand Description
    _
    Co-Authors Expand Description
    _
    Similar People Expand Description
    _
    Same Department Expand Description

    Copyright © 2024 The Regents of the University of Colorado, a body corporate. All rights reserved. (Harvard PROFILES RNS software version: 2.11.1)