Both indirect maternal and direct fetal genetic effects reflect the observational relationship between higher birth weight and lower adult bone mass.
Xia JW, Zhang L, Li J, Yuan CD, Zhu XW, Qian Y, Khederzadeh S, Gu JX, Xu L, Gao JH, Liu KQ, Karasik D, Xie SY, Chen GB, Zheng HF. Both indirect maternal and direct fetal genetic effects reflect the observational relationship between higher birth weight and lower adult bone mass. BMC Med. 2022 10 04; 20(1):361.